Chapter 2 OB 6302

The bundle of characteristics that makes us similar to or different from other people is our ______.

personality

Personal values indirectly motivate decisions and behavior by framing our perceptions of ____.

reality

True or false: People who have stimulation at the top of their values hierarchy should seek a job that is predictable and stable.

False; A job that continues to provide new experiences would better align with their values hierarchy.

Which of the following describes an employee from a culture with a high power distance?

He expects superiors to make decisions with little input from employees.

What mental state is achieved when you focus on your awareness of the present situation and your thoughts and emotions in that moment?

Mindfulness

______ refers to our genetic or hereditary origins, whereas ______ is the result of our life experiences and interaction with our environment.

Nature; nurture

Irene has always been a "worry wart" and is often anxious or depressed. Which personality dimension of the five-factor model (FFM) does this describe?

Neuroticism

Tawanda values team harmony and high levels of collaboration. She does not care for hierarchical organizational structures and instead believes employees should be treated as equals. Her employer does not have managers or middle managers and instead has teams. Tawanda's team members hold equal power, and each member believes in the team's goals. Considering values congruence, which of the following statements about Tawanda and her job are true?

Tawanda is likely to have high job satisfaction. Tawanda is likely to feel loyal toward her team members.

Which of the following traits are common among psychopaths? Multiple select question. They dominate and manipulate others, without any feelings of remorse or anxiety. They use superficial charm while engaging in antisocial and impulsive behavior. They dominate and manipulate others, but then feel huge waves of remorse and anxiety. They are naturally charming and often engage in self-promotion and exhibitionism.. They callously do as they please and take what they want.

They dominate and manipulate others, without any feelings of remorse or anxiety. They use superficial charm while engaging in antisocial and impulsive behavior. They callously do as they please and take what they want.

Which of the following traits are common among people with high Machiavellianism? They have a cynical disregard for moral principles. They believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals. They believe it is immoral to get more than one deserves. They often empathize with coworkers. They demonstrate a strong motivation to get what they want at the expense of others

They have a cynical disregard for moral principles. They believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals. They demonstrate a strong motivation to get what they want at the expense of others.

Without exception, employees at Qantic Services are committed to the concept of providing superior customer satisfaction. This would be an example of a(n) ______ value.

organizational

Executives at Cyber-Form are faced with cutting jobs and reducing employee benefits in order for the company to survive the current recession. These decisions have which of the following?

A high degree of moral intensity

A society that values quality of life, service to others, and support for the needy would have which of the following?

A nurturing orientation

Which of the following describe personality traits? Brandon is very talkative. Rachel is taller than her dad. Peter has blond hair. Julie is a risk taker.

Brandon is very talkative. Julie is a risk taker.

Which of the following would be considered situational factors that constrain or facilitate employee behavior and performance?

Budgetary limits Insufficient time Lack of physical work facility

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator has proven to be a popular, effective personality assessment for which of the following? Multiple select question. Promotion decisions Career counseling Management research Employment selection

Career counseling Management research

Which of the following describes a problem with the individual rights principle?

Certain individual rights may conflict with others.

People in the office can always count on Ralph to get the job done. He is methodical and detail-oriented, and his work is always completed on time. Which of the "Big Five" factors would this illustrate?

Conscientiousness

Which of the following is a quadrant in Schwartz's values circumplex?

Conservation

Which of the following is one form of deep-level diversity in the United States?

Cultural values across ethnic groups

What is the term for the cluster of three socially undesirable personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy)?

Dark Triad

Employees generally accept differences in pay as long as they perceive differences in responsibility. This reflects which concept?

Distributive justice

The Equal Pay Act requires that employers pay men and women the same wages for the same work. This is most closely associated with which ethical principle?

Distributive justice

Which of the following often contribute to changes in personality factors? Environmental changes Increased age Physical makeover Dietary changes

Environmental changes Increased age

Which of the following can support ethical behavior within an organization?

Establishing a written code of ethics for the organization Employing an ethics ombudsperson to receive ethics complaints anonymously Maintaining an anonymous hotline for employees to report wrongdoings

Which ethical principle states that everyone has a moral obligation to help others within their relational sphere to grow and self-actualize?

Ethic of care

______ is the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad.

Ethics

___ are intended to motivate and guide employee behavior and signal the importance of ethical conduct.

Ethics codes

True or false: A person who scores the highest on all of the Big Five personality factors should be considered the best employee.

False: Studies have shown the best employees do not have the highest scores on some personality factors.

True or false: Personality is determined entirely by heredity.

False: although personality is influenced by heredity (nature), it is also affected by nurture—socialization, life experiences, and interaction with the environment.

What is the term for the ethical principle that suggests the same set of natural rights, such as freedom of speech, is conferred on all people?

Individual rights

What is the attribute common among effective leaders that refers to a person's ethical standards?

Integrity

Which of the following traits are common among narcissists? Multiple select question. Intensely envious of others Highly empathetic Abnormally negative self-view Excessive need for attention Grandiose, inflated self-view

Intensely envious of others Excessive need for attention Grandiose, inflated self-view

Andre tends to be an imaginative, "big picture" person. He sees the world in terms of impressions rather than facts and relies on his interpretations of what is happening. Which MBTI dimension or orientation does this describe?

Intuitive

Which of the following statements correctly describe the principle of ethic of care?

It involves taking care of others through responsibility. It involves caring about others by being attentive to their needs. It involves giving care to others through one's skills and abilities.

Which personality trait can be described as someone who takes pleasure in misleading, outwitting, and otherwise controlling others?

Machiavellianism

Jana offered to work through her lunch period in order to help a colleague finish up a presentation for an important meeting that afternoon. This is an example of which of the following?

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)

______ include cooperative and helpful acts toward others that support the organization's social and psychological context.

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)

Which of the following statements about values is true?

People can possess conflicting values.

___ is the relatively stable pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize an individual.

Personality

______ refers to the degree that people are willing to accept an unequal distribution of power within a society or organization.

Power distance

Which personality trait is often considered the most sinister of the dark triad?

Psychopathy

Which of the following make up the dark triad of socially undesirable personality traits? Extraversion Psychopathy Narcissism Machiavellianism Neuroticism

Psychopathy Narcissism Machiavellianism

People are indirectly motivated to align their personal values with the following?

Self-concept Self-presentation

Of the following, which is external to the individual but still affects his or her behavior?

Situational factors

Concerns with cross-cultural research include which of the following?

Some studies have erroneously assumed that only one culture exists within a country or geographic region. The findings of some studies have become outdated as a result of cultural shifts. Several studies have drawn conclusions based upon relatively small population samples.

True or false: A limitation of cross-cultural research is that several studies incorrectly assumed that people in a specific country or geographic region share similar values.

True: Cross-cultural studies have assumed that each country has one culture, while the reality is that many countries have become culturally diverse.

True or false: Typical personality profiles vary across regions of the United States.

True: One recent study revealed that personality profiles vary across regions; for example, neuroticism scores are highest in the Northeast and Southeast.

"The greatest good for the greatest number" illustrates which ethical principle?

Utilitarianism

Executives of a company believe that laying off 15% of its workforce will help it stay in business long term and protect the remaining jobs in the company. Such an action is most consistent with which ethical principle?

Utilitarianism

______ tell us what we ought to do, whereas ______ describe what we tend to do.

Values; personality traits

People believe some values are more important than others and thus have a hierarchy of preferences, known as ______.

a value system

The "Big Five" dimensions are: conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, and .

agreeablenes

A society that has a group orientation and emphasizes the interdependence of people has a high degree of:

collectivism

How similar a person's values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the organization, a coworker, or another source of comparison is known as values ______.

congruence

The five-factor model (FFM) personality dimension that is characterized by a person's attention to detail, thoroughness, organization, and self-discipline is known as ______.

conscientiousness

The quadrant of Schwartz's values circumplex that represents a person's motivation to maintain the status quo and the degree to which he or she values stability and security is known as ______.

conservation

Alonzo often takes home office supplies such as ink cartridges, paper, and pens so that he doesn't have to purchase school supplies for his children. This is an example of:

counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs).

Values that are shared across a society are known as ______ values.

cultural

To better understand business ethics, it is important to consider four distinct types of ethical principles: utilitarianism, individual rights, ethic of care, and ______ justice.

distributive

The personality trait that is positively associated with performance in sales and management jobs is ______.

extraversion

People who value personal freedom, self-sufficiency, and control over their own lives have high ______.

individualism

Despite its many benefits, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is not a good predictor of ______.

job performance

The moral intensity of an action is higher when ______.

many people are affected by the action

People who have an obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement are considered ______.

narcissists

Studies of the Five-Factor Model have shown that the relationship between personality and performance is often ___.

nonlinear

A society that values professions such as teaching, social work, and nursing would likely be considered to have an achievement - ______ orientation.

nurturing

Students at a university are required to affix the following statement to each assignment they submit for grading: "I pledge on my honor that I have not given, received, or witnessed any unauthorized aid to this or any other paper." This statement is intended to ______ the connection between personal values and behavior.

reinforce

Carl Jung proposed that there are two ways in which people prefer to gather information or perceive the world around them: ______.

sensing and intuition

Although research shows that an individual's personality stabilizes around the age of 30, personality is not ___.

static or unchanging

People who have high moral sensitivity ______.

tend to have a higher level of empathy

The dimensions of personality identified in Jungian personality theory are measured through ______.

the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

The model that suggests that personality can be categorized across five abstract dimensions is known as ______.

the five-factor model (FFM)

Personality ______ are broad concepts that help people label and understand individual differences.

traits

An employee who is most comfortable if there are rules, policies, and procedures in place that dictate how jobs are supposed to be done would likely have a high ______.

uncertainty avoidance

The extent to which people tolerate or feel threatened by ambiguity is referred to as ______.

uncertainty avoidance

Four types of ethical principles commonly identified are individual rights, distributive justice, ethic of care, and ______.

utilitarianism

Perceptions about what is good or bad and right or wrong are referred to as our ______.

values; Morals are principles of right and wrong, whereas values are an individual's ranking of such principles.