Chapter 2 quiz questions

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.53

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

Case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

Case study

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

Human, obtaining information consent

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

Illusion correlation

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rater reliability

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

Longitudinal

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

Mamie Clark

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

Operational definition

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because ________.

Participants were not allowed to seek treatment available

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

cross-sectional

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional Review Board

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Society

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

There is a relationship between smoking and cancer

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

Reliablitiy

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

Replication

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

Rodents

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

Scientific method

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

Two

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

The ________ variable measures the effects of the independent variable.

dependent

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

dependent variable

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

Peer reviewers ________.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

Active play, passive play

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

Are possible to test with animal studies

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability