Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life

A(n) _______ bond forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules, such as between a hydrogen atom on one molecule and an oxygen atom on another molecule.

Hydrogen

Match the chemical bond with its correct description. Hydrogen bond Ionic bond Covalent bond

Hydrogen bond- bond between atom with a partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge. Ionic bond- bond between oppositely charged ions. Covalent bond- bond between atoms sharing pairs of electrons.

A polymer is separated into monomers when a hydroxyl group joins one molecule and a hydrogen ion joins the other in the process of ________ .

Hydrolysis

The average mass of all isotopes of an element is called the element's: A. Atomic number B. Atomic mass C. Elemental mass D. Ionic mass

Atomic mass

Molecules consist of two or more chemically linked ________, which are the smallest "pieces" or units of elements.

Atoms

Which of the following are polysaccharides?

Starch and Glycogen Chitin ans Cellulose

What type pf lipids has 4 interconnected carbon rings? A. Steroids B. Waxes C. Unsaturated Fatty Acids D. Saturated Fatty Acids

Steroids

What level of protein structure is shown at the bottom of the picture and consists of the overall shape of one polypeptide chain? A. Primary B. Tertiary C. Quaternary D. Secondary

Tertiary

The outermost occupied electron energy shell of an atom is called the ________ shell. A. Atomic B. Inert C. Valence D. Periodic

Valence.

Which of the following substances regulates temperature, dissolves many chemicals, and has cohesive and adhesive properties? A. Oxygen B. Water C. Carbon Dioxide D. Hydrogen

Water

H-H and O=O represent which of the following? Select all that apply.

* A single covalent bond between hydrogens and a double covalent bond between oxygens. * 1 pair of electrons shared between hydrogens and 2 pairs of electrons shared between oxygens.

Rank the following in order from smallest mass (at the top) to largest mass (at the bottom).

1. Electron 2. Proton 3. Atom

Match the isotopes of carbon with their correct number of neutrons.

12 C - 6 neutrons 13 C - 7 neutrons 14 C - 8 neutrons

Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides:

5-carbon sugar, Nitrogenous base, and Phosphate group.

What can denature a protein by breaking the hydrogen bonds that maintain the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins? Select all that apply. A. Amino Acids B. Heat C. pH D. Salt

Heat, pH, and Salt.

A basic solution is also called a(n) ________ solution. A. Neutral B. Isotopic C. Alkaline D. Acidic

Alkaline

_______ _______ are the monomers of polypeptides and proteins and have a central carbon bonded to a hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group.

Amino Acids

What is a single unit of an element? A. Molecule B. Atom C. Orbital D. Monomer

Atom

________ are one of the four abundant types of organic molecules in organisms and consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen often in a proportion of 1:2:1. These organic molecules include monosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Carbohydrates

Match the organic molecules with the correct subunits. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides Lipids- Glycerol, fatty acids, and carbon chains and rings Proteins- Amino Acids Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides

Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain both _______ and hydrogen.

Carbon

________ is the tendency of water molecules to stick together.

Cohesion

Select all of the following that are problems, which are molecules composed of multiple monomers linked together.

Complex Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Protein

What is formed when atoms of two or more elements are linked together? A. Anion B. Cation C. Isotope D. Compound

Compound

What type of bond involves two atoms sharing electrons which travel around both nuclei? A. Covalent B. Ionic C. Molecular D. Hydrogen

Covalent

Deoxyribonucleic acid is also known as: A. DOA B. RNA C. DNA D. ATP

DNA

A covalent bond is formed between two molecules when a hydroxyl group and hydrogen ion are removed during a reaction called _______ synthesis.

Dehydration

Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis form a carbohydrate molecule called a : A. Disaccharide B. Polysaccharide C. Saturated Fat D. Peptide Bond

Disaccharide

The first electron energy shell of an atom contains one electron orbital that can hold up to two electrons, and the second energy shell contains four electron orbitals that can hold up to ______ electrons total.

Eight

If two atoms have the same atomic number, they are of the same: A. Orbital B. Mass C. Element D. Nucleus

Element

What is a pure substance that cannot be decided further and still retain its chemical properties? A. Matter B. Energy C. Work D. Element

Element

What is a pure substance that cannot be divided further and still retain its chemical properties? Work Matter Energy Element

Element

Select all of the following substances that are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water. A. Sugar B. Ions C. Fats D. Olive Oil

Fats and Olive oil

Match each bond type with relative difference in electronegatively between the bonded. Ionic Bond Polar Covalent Bond Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Ionic Bond- Large difference in electronegativity. Polar Covalent Bond- Intermediate difference in electronegativity. Nonpolar Covalent Bond- Small difference in electronegativity.

________ are atoms which have gained or lost electrons.

Ions

A protein's hydrogen bonds are broken and its structure unfolded when the protein:

Is denatured.

Why is water essential to life? Select all that apply. A. It regulates temperature. B.Its solid form is more dense than its liquid form. C. It dissolves many substances. D. It plays a role in many chemical reactions.

It regulates temperature. It dissolves many substances. It plays a role in many chemical reactions.

Anything that takes up space is defined as: Energy Matter Work An element

Matter

Polymers, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, consists of small subunits called _______ linked together to form long chains.

Monomers

The smallest carbohydrates are called _______ and consist of a single monomer. A. Oligosaccharides B. Polysaccharides C. Monosaccharides D. Complex Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Match the following atoms with their correct description. Na+ Cl He

Na+ - Atom which has lost an electron. Cl - Atom which has gained an electron. He - Atom which is electrically neutral.

The bonds between two nitrogen atoms are ________ bonds because there is equal sharing of electron pairs.

Nonpolar covalent

Nucleotides are the monomers of polymers called ________ acids, including DNA and RNA.

Nucleic

What does the number above each of the elements on the periodic table represent? Select all that are true. A. Number of neutrons plus number of protons B. Atomic weight C. Number of protons D. Atomic number E. Atomic mass

Number of protons & Atomic number.

Match the constituents with their correct description.

Sodium (Na)- Donates an electron when an ionic bond is formed. Chlorine (Cl)- Gains an electron when an ionic bond is formed. Salt (NaCl)- Results from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

Identify whether each of the following fat molecules are solid or liquid at room temperature.

Solid- Saturated fat and trans fat with straight fatty acid tails. Liquid- Unsaturated fat

Select all of the following that are types of lipids: A. Oils B. Triglycerides C. Phospholipids D. Amino Acids E. Steroids

Oils, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Steroids.

A special type of covalent bond called a(n) ________ bond is formed between two amino acids through dehydration synthesis, creating a dipeptide.

Peptide

The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom is a ________ covalent bond because there is unequal sharing of the electron pair.

Polar

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain forms the _______ a structure of protein.

Primary

Select all of the following that are polymers, which are molecules composed of multiple monomers linked together. A. Protein B. Nucleic Acid C. Complex Carbohydrate D. Amino Acid E. Glucose

Protein, Nucleic Acid, and Complex Carbohydrate.

What type of organic molecule has monomers of amino acids? A. Nucleic acids B. Carbohydrates C. Lipids D. Proteins

Proteins

Select the four most abundant types of organic molecules that are found in organisms. A. Minerals B. Proteins C. Nucleic Acids D. Carbohydrates E. Lipids F. Oxygen

Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, & Lipids.

Interactions between multiple polypeptides creates the _______ structure of proteins.

Quaternary

Match the nitrogenous bases to the correct nucleic acid(s) in which they are found.

RNA Only- Uracil DNA Only- Thymine DNA & RNA- Adenine, Cytosine, and Guanine.

Another name for an unstable isotope is a(n): A. Radioactive B. Anion C. Elemental Isotope D. Cation E. Atomic Isotope

Radioactive Isotope

Select all of the following that are hydrophilic.

Salt, Sugar, and many Ions.

In the triglyceride shown, the long fatty acids (highlighted in yellow) are called _______ fatty acids, which means all the carbons in them are connected to each other by single bonds.

Saturated

Select all the examples of chemical elements. Sodium Water Hydrogen Nitrogen

Sodium Hydrogen Nitrogen

A ______ is a substance dissolved in a solvent to make a solution.

Solute