Chapter 2 The Nervous System

Neuroplasticity

The body's ability to repair itself due to experience and trauma.

How do the brain and spinal interact?

The brain and spinal cord interact by creating the CNS and controls the things we choose to do such as thought, emotion and behavior.

How do the hormones released by glands interact with the nervous system and affect behavior?

The glands secret chemicals (hormones) directly into the blood stream. Blood stream carries hormones to the target organs.. Molecules fit into receptor site to fulfill their function affecting behavior as they do so.

Nerves

Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body.

What are some misconceptions abut the brain?

Older brains can't make new cells. Autism is cause by childhood vaccinations People only use 10% of their brain.

Action potential

(Fans rushing in) Release of neural impulse, consisting of a reversal of electrical charge w/ in axon.

Resting potential

(Fans stuck outside) State of neuron when not firing a neural impulse.

What is a nervous system?

A net work of cells that carries information to and from the body.

What are the eight neurotransmitters? ANDES GG

ACh NE DA 5-hr GABA Glutamate Endophins

What kind of neurons does the sensory pathway contain?

Afferent neurons

The venom of a black widow spider acts like a(n) _____ by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine.

Agonist

If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?

Amygdala

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

Antagonist- Blocks or reduces the effect. Agonist- Mimics or enhances the effect

Which part of the neuron carries the messages to the other cells?

Axon

How do researchers able to map the structure of the brain?

CT SCAN -mapping the slice of the brain MRI -brain imaging using magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.

The Spinal Cord

Carries messages to the body and brain and responsible for very fast reflexes.

If your roommate has problems paying attention, it may be due to damage to what part of the limbic system?

Cingulate Cortex

What are the functions of the glial cells?

Cleaning up Getting nutrients Providing insulation

Central Nervous Systems

Composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

Pituitary glands

Controls or influences all of the other endocrine glands.

How are researchers able to see the function of a brain?

EEG: records electroactivity of the cortes MEG: uses device that are very sensitive to magnetic fields in a helmet. PET: per is injected with radioactive glucose, then the computer detects the activity of the brain cells by looking at which cells are using the radioactive glucose. F/MRI: allows for functional examination of the brain areas through changes of oxygen levels in the brain.

What neurotransmitter is associated w/ pain relief?

Endorphins

What are the two types of synapses?

Excitatory- turns on cells Inhibitory- turns off cells

What technique analyzes blood oxygen levels to look t the function of the brain?

F/MRI

Sympathetic division

Gets body ready to deal w/ stress. "Flight or fight system"

Endocrine glands

Glands the secret hormones directly into he blood stream

The brain

Interprets and stores information and sends order to muscles, glands and orgrans

What are the two brain stimulations?

Invasive Deep brain stimulation (DBS) Noninvasive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

What are the different structures of the hindbrain and what do they do? Mary Plays with Rabbits Fur Constantly

Medulla- controls breathing, swallowing, and heartbeat Pons- relays msgs between cerebellum and cortex Reticular Formation- controls arousal & attention Cerebellum- balances and maintains muscle coordination.

When a neuron's resting potential is occurring, the neuron is ____ charged on the inside.

Negatively

What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning?

Neuroplasticity

How do neurons use neurotransmitter to communicate w/ each other and w/ the body?

Neurotransmitters are release from the synapse vesicle to receptor sites on the other cells or glands or even muscles causing a reation.

What are two types of glial cells?

Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin for neurons in the brain & spinal cord (CNS). Schwann Cells- produce myelin for the neurons in the body (PNS)

Lesioning

Researchers us a probe w/ an electrical current to kill of target neurons in the brain. Then they test to see what happens to the animal's abilities

Parasympathetic division

Restores the body to normal functioning after stressful situation. "Eat-drink-and rest system"

Which brain structure allows us to pay attention to certain stimuli while ignoring others? Cerebellum Pons Reticular Formation Medulla

Reticular Formation

What happens when neurotransmitters are out of the synaptic gap and in the receptors, but are needed anymore?

Some drift away through diffusion, most end back up in the synaptic vesicles in a process called reuptake. ACh special process called enzymatic degradation.

What are neurons?

Specialized cell that receives and sends messages.

Which of the following would be active if you had an automobile accident? Motor division Sympathetic division Somatic division Parasympathetic division

Sympathetic division

Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the ____.

Synaptic gap

Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information? Triage Nurse

Thalamus

What gland causes fast metabolism?

Thyroid gland

Peripheral nervous system

Transmits information to and from central nervous system.

The autonomic nervous sytem

controls the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands

The somatic nervous sytem

controls the voluntary muscles of the body.

Motor pathway

messages from CNS to voluntary or skeletal muscles (efferent)

Sensory pathway

messages from senses to CNS (afferent)

Yvonne's ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the ___ pathway of the ____ nervous system. parasympathetic; autonomic autonomic; peripheral motor; somatic sensory; somatic

motor; somatic