Chapter 20
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.
9th and 10th negro cavalries
10th Cavalry was one of the original "Buffalo Soldier" regiments. It served in combat during the Indian Wars in the western United States, the Spanish-American War in Cuba and in the Philippine-American War. All black soldiers.
Hague Conference
1899 (first under McKinley) conference at which the Great Powers discussed arms reduction, demonstrated internationalism
ABC Powers
1899 - Name given to Argentina, Brazil and Chile. They tried to maintain peace in South and Central America.
Root-Takahira Agreement
1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.
Woodrow Wilson
28th President who opposed imperialism and promoted idealism- America should be the moral leader of the world- and moral imperialism- America should intervene in other countries' affairs by strictly ethical and moral means
Boxer rebellion
A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
-Describe the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. What was its purpose? What impact did it have on U.S. foreign policy?
A corollary is an "addition to". The Roosevelt Corollary is an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine was made to keep European powers from meddling in the Western Hemisphere, intervene in domestic affairs of nations in the Western Hem., and quell disorder. It led to U.S. intervention in Venezuela and Dominican Republic. A long term result was poor relations between the U.S. and Latin America.
Imperialists
A group of politians, intellectuals, and military strategists who came to view expansion as the key ingredient in pursuit of world power
Open Door Policy
A policy in China that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely with other nations spheres of influence.
monroe doctrine
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Armistice
A temporary peace, halt in fighting
"A splendid little war"
A term coined by Secretary of State John Hay, describing how the attitude of men fighting in the Spanish-American War was so lenient and optimistic
Discuss the acquisition of the Philippines and the American-Filipino War that established U.S. control there.
Acquisition of the Philippines embroiled the U.S. in a long, brutal war to subdue Filipino rebels. U.S. utilized same tactics in the Philippines that it had criticized Spain for using in Cuba.They killed so many Filipino rebels that the ratio of Filipino dead to wounded reached 15 to 1. William Howard Taft became first "governor-general" of the Philippines and declared intention to prepare Filipinos for self-government. The rebellion was crushed by 1902 and self government was delayed until 1946.
George Dewey
Admiral of the Navy, defeated the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines
Hay-Herran Treaty
Allowed a six mile wide strip of land in Panama for the canal to be built
Tampico Incident
An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Vera Cruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico.
"Gentleman's Agreement"
An informal agreement in which the U.S. would not impose segregation on Japanese immigrants, and Japan would not allow any further emigration into the U.S.
What arguments did anti-imperialists offer in opposition to U.S. involvement in the Philippines? What distinguished anti-imperialists from one another?
Anti-Imperialist League worked to stop the acquisition of Philippines. Anti-imperialists motives were that businessmen and labor leaders feared competition, Democrats sought political advantage by opposing Republican administration, and some feared contaminating effects of contact with "inferior" Asian races. Contrasting motives of the anti-imperialists weakened their influence
Battle of San Juan Hill
Battle in the Spanish-American War in which Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders led charges into the teeth of the Spanish defenses
Explain the factors that led to the U.S. involvement in Cuba and the decision to declare war on Spain.
By 1890s Cuban/Spanish relations had deteriorated. Spanish brutality fueled U.S. support for Cuba. The reasons for the declaration of war were yellow journalism, which is sensationalized new reporting, the De Lome letter, which was a letter from the Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley, and the sinking of the U.S.S Maine.
Rough Riders
Calvary unit made up of Cowboys, Ivy Leage gentlemen, and athletes. Led charges up Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill into the teeth of the Spanish defenses.
General Huerta
Came to power by assassinating the then Mexican President Francisco Madero.
Algeciras Conference
Conference provoked Germany backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis.
Treaty of Paris
Cuba became independent. U.S. Acquired Puerto Rico and Guam. The Treaty was ratified by one vote over the minimum. Spain surrendered the Phillipines for 20 million
International Darwinism
Darwin's concept of 'survival of the fittest' being applied to competition among nations and races for military advantage, colonies, and spheres of influence.
Teddy Roosevelt
Eager to build U.S. power through expansion. Gained fame through exploits with the Rough Riders. Big Stick Policy "Speak softly and carry a big stick". Wrote the Rosovelt Corrolary which added on to the Monroe Doctrine. Wanted the Panama Canal. Goals were to preserve the Open Door in China and the balance of powers throughout the region. Helped mediate the end of the conflict of the Russo-Japanese War and won the Nobel Peace Prize. Entered in the "Gentlemen's Aggrement" with Japan and then sent the U.S. fleet or the "Great White Fleet" on a trip around the world to show their strength
William Gorgas
Eliminated the mosquitoes that spread deadly yellow fever so that the construction of the Panama Canal could be completed.
Platt Amendment
Established three conditions for Cuban independence: 1) No treaties with foreign powers, 2) U.S. had broad authority to intervene with Cuban political and economic affairs, and 3) Cuba would sell or lease land to U.S. for Guantanamo Bay
Who of the following would most strongly support the sentiments in these headlines?
Expansionists such as Henry Cabot Lodge
Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino Nationalist leader who supported U.S. troops during the Spanish-American War, and led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against U.S. Control over the Philippines.
Dollar Diplomacy
Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty
Gave the U.S. a 10-mile wide strip of land to build the Panama Canal; Philippe Bunau-Varilla was the director of the French company who had the rights, and the U.S. secured the rights from him, not the Panamanians
Jones Act of 1916
Granted full territorial status to the Philippines, gave a bill of rights and suffrage rights to the Filipinos, promised independence as soon as the Philippines had a central government
Lodge Corollary
Introduced by senator Hendy Cabot Lodge. Stated that non-European powers could not own land in the Western Hemisphere. Addition to the Monroe Doctrine. Prevented Japan from buying part of Mexicos Baja-Peninsula.
Treaty of Portsmouth
Mediated by President Roosevelt and concluded the Russo-Japanese War; Roosevelt's handling of Japan was the most impressive aspect of his foreign policy, and he won the Nobel Peace Prize
The de Lome Letter
One of the reasons America went to war with Spain, it was a letter from a Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley
Teller Amendment
Part of President McKinley's resolution of war, it stated that the U.S. had no intentions of taking political control of Cuba after the Spanish-American War; once peace was restored, the Cubans would have their own government
Which of the following represents a policy that the authors of the excerpt would most likely support?
President Wilson's signing of the Jones Act in 1916
Napoleon III
President of France who violated the Monroe Doctrine and placed French troops in Mexico during the Civil War
william jennings bryan
Principle figure in Populist Party - served as Sec. of State under Wilson (resigned in protest of WWI) - prosecutor in the Scopes Trial.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
Roosevelt presided in this treaty with Britain, which released the U.S. from an agreement that prohibited either country from building a canal w/o the participation of the other
Great White Fleet
Roosevelt was afraid that his sensitivity would appear weak so he sent the U.S. Fleet on a 2 year trip around the world to impress the world with America's strength. 16 battleships. Were painted white.
William Howard Taft
Roosevelt's successor (1909-1913). Dollar diplomacy.
William H. Seward
Secretary of state (1861-1869). Helped prevent Britain and France from entering the Civil War, led the drive to annex Midway Island, gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua, and purchased the vast territory of Alaska.
Jimmy Carter
Signed a treaty handing the canal back over to Panama and Panama took control over the canal in 2000.
Which of the following was the most direct result of the policy stated in this excerpt?
The United States intervened in many American countries in the early 20th century
Newspaper headlines such as those above most directly contributed to which of the following?
The declaration of war against Spain by the US Congress
What was the "Boxer Rebellion"? What caused it? What impact did it have on American foreign policy?
The first challenge to Hay's policy came from the Chinese, a group called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists did not like the western influence in China. They were known to westerners as Boxers and wanted to destroy both the "foreign devils" and the Chinese Christian converts. They killed more than 200 foreigners including missionaries.
This excerpt most directly reflects the continuation of the policy that
The independent nations of the Americas should remain free from European intervention
Queen Liliuokalani
The last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii before the annexation of Hawaii as the 50th state
Guantanamo Bay
The naval station on the land that Cuba would sell or lease to the U.S.
Which of the following most directly contributed to the anti-imperialist sentiments expressed in the excerpt?
The provisions of the peace treaty ending the Spanish-American War
George Goethals
United States Army officer and civil engineer, best known for his administration and supervision of the construction of the Panama Canal
The leader most closely associated with the viewpoint in this excerpt was
William Jennings Bryan
Conciliation treaties
William Jennings Bryan negotiate treaties that submit disputes to international commissions; observe a one year cooling off period before taking military action
Describe U.S.-Mexican relations and explain the conflicting motives behind U.S. policy during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.
Wilson apposed imperialism. He believed it was America's role to promote democracy and peace. His foreign policy has been called moral imperialism, or "Missionary diplomacy." Wilson's idealism was tested when Victoriano Huerta came to power by assassinating then president of Mexico Francisco Madero. Wilson refused to recognize Huerta's government. He favored Carranza and Villa. Carranza did not behave as Wilson had expected so he threw his support to Villa. unfortunately Carranza defeated Villa's forces, forcing Wilson to side with Carranza. Villa was upset and killed around 35 American's. Wilson sent in General Pershing to kill Villa, but he never found Villa. Wilson's policy toward Mexico worsened relations with Mexico.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Wrote 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History' (1890). argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power.
Josiah Strong
Wrote in his book "Our Country: It's Possible Future and Present Crisis (1885)" that the white or Anglo-Saxon people are the fittest to survive. Believed that Protestant Americans had the religious duty to colonize other lands in order the spread Christianity.
expeditionary forces
a generic name sometimes applied to a military force dispatched to fight in a foreign country, particularly during World War I and World War II.
American-Filipino War
a war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902, an insurrection that may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
anti-imperialist League
objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900
Pancho Villa
one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals.
"big stick policy"
refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly, and carry a big stick."
Manchurian problem
refers to a set of issues concerning Japan's protection of its special interests in Manchuria and the Inner Mongolia region in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War.
steel and steam navy
steam ships helped develop mover ability for steaming upriver unlike sailing ships could do. Iron was now used instead of wood for building ships because it was stronger.
The point of view of this newspaper most clearly reflects
the concept jingoism
Battle Manila Bay
took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo.
John Hay
was United States Secretary of State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. Hay was also an author and biographer, and wrote poetry and other literature throughout much of his life.
Taft-Katsura Agreement
was a 1905 discussion between senior leaders of Japan and the United States regarding the positions of the two nations in greater East Asian affairs, especially regarding the status of Korea and Philippines in the aftermath of Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War.
Valeriano Weyler
was a Spanish general and colonial administrator. He served as Governor General of the Philippines and Cuba. He was noted for his Reconcentración policy[1] of interning peasants under deplorable conditions.
Henry Cabot Lodge
was an American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts. A PhD in history from Harvard, he was a long-time friend and confidant of Theodore Roosevelt.
James Blaine
was an American statesman and Republican politician who represented Maine in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1863 to 1876
Roosevelt Corollary
was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03.
John J. Pershing
was the general in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Forces to victory over Germany in World War I
Pan-American Conference
were meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade. James G. Blaine, a United States politician, Secretary of State and presidential contender, first proposed establishment of closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors and proposed international conference. Blaine hoped that ties between the United States and its southern counterparts would open Latin American markets to US trade.