Chapter 20 - Mastering A&P

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

37.2 C & 99 F

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the _______ cells

B

The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains _______ lymphocytes and plasma cells

B

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T cells

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

B cells

Which lympocytes are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

B cells

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell

CD4 T

_______ cells provide cell-mediated immunity

CD8 T

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except

CNS

Immunoglobulins that primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are

IgA

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are

IgM

Which is true regarding the thymus?

It produces several hormones that are important to the development of functional T cells

What is the final step in the path of blood flow through the spleen?

blood collects into small veins that merge to form trabecular veins

Complement:

is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens

Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

neutrophils

Which mechanism results in a coating of antibodies and complement proteins that increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis?

opsonization

Lymphocytes production involves

[all of the above] - bone marrow - thymus tissues - peripheral lymphoid tissues

In general, lymphocytes

[all of the above] - spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue - have one nucleus - have relatively long life spans

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

activates B cells

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

The process nu which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are _______ cells

cytotoxic T

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false

lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

lymphocytes

_______ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time

memory

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

Lymphocytes

response to antigens

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into

right lymphatic duct

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

the brain

The merging of _________ forms the right lymphatic duct

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

the venae cavae

Which characteristic of lymphatic capillaries is correct?

they originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx

tonsils

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp

Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells?

NK cells

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph nodes is the ______ cell

T

The cells directly for cell-mediated immunity are the ______ cells

T

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells

_______ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues

autoimmune disorders

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats

Helper T cells do all of the following except

destroy target cells using perforins

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

Autoantibodies are

directed against the body's own antigens

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

heavy-chain constant segments

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are _______ cells

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects _________ cells

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells

Suppressor T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called _________ immunity

innate

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through

intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

Which lymph node structure(s) contain(s) B cells within germinal centers that resemble those of lymphoid nodules?

outer cortex

Which lymp node structure is dominated by T cells?

paracortex

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

passive immunity

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are _______ cells

plasma

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right breast

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called

sensitization

The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called

septa

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen called the

variable segment

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two

The lymphocytes are most important in

fighting infection

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen

free and fixed macrophages

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

T cells

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in

all of the above - agglutination or precipitation - neutralization of the antigen - complement activation and opsonization

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to

all of the above - activate T cells - display antigen fragments - process antigens

Inflammation produces localized

all of the above - heat - swelling - pain - redness

Nonspecific defenses include

all of the above - physical barries - phagocytic cells - interferons - inflammation

Examples of physical barries against pathogens include

all of the above - sebaceous glands - epithelia - epidurmal layers - mucus

Characteristics of specific defenses include

all of the above - versatility - tolerance - memory - specificity

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

antigen

n antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the

antigenic determinant site

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they

are smaller in diameter

Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false?

bind complement

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessels

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal

The attraction of repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account of all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

chemotaxis of phagocytes

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli

Which is an expanded, saclike chamber that receives lymph from the inferior part of the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower limbs?

cisterna chyli

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must

either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

is running a fever

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that

it is delayed by the memory cell stage

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

Various types of macrophages are derived from

monocytes

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called _______ immunity

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called _________ immunity

naturally acquired passive

T is to __________ as B is to

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

A test to measure the antibody level a blood sample is called an

titer

_______ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen

tolerance