Chapter 20 Multiple Choice
Which of the following is NOT a way to disinfect waterborne pathogens in the water treatment process? Select one: a. Soap b. UV light c. Ozone d. Iodine e. Chlorine
a
What impact could an influx of agricultural waste or manure have on an aquatic ecosystem? Select one: a. Lower BOD (biological oxygen demand) b. Reduction in photosynthesis c. Excessive growth of algae d. Increase in dissolved oxygen e. Thermal shock
c
A group of scientists did a biological oxygen demand study along a 30-mile section of a stream. The data they obtained is given in the graph above. Which of the following best describes the type of pollution at mile 0? Select one: a. Point source b. Deep well c. Secondary pollutant d. Acid deposition e. Thermal inversion
a
A point source discharges organic waste into a stream. Which of the following graphs best depicts the expected pattern for dissolved oxygen (DO) in this stream as a function of distance from the discharge point? Select one: a. E b. D c. B d. C e. A
a
An abundance of which of the following would indicate that water is polluted? Select one: a. Sludge worms, anaerobic bacteria, and fungi b. Salamanders and turtles c. Trout and other game fish d. Carp, gar, and leeches e. Insect larvae and nymphs
a
Fertilizer moving down a massive river has created a hypoxic zone where river empties into the ocean Select one: a. Gulf of Mexico b. Great Salt Lake c. Dead Sea d. Aral Sea e. Lake Mead
a
Full oxidation during secondary sewage treatment produces these ions. Select one: a. Nitrates b. Atmospheric nitrogen c. Nitrogen dioxide e. Ammonia
a
How are point sources of pollution different from nonpoint sources? Select one: a. Point sources are concentrated. b. Nonpoint sources are easy to remediate. c. Nonpoint sources are generally localized. d. Point sources are harder to remediate. e. It is difficult to place liability for point sources.
a
Oxygen solubility in water __________ as the temperature of the water increases. Select one: a. decreases b. increases c. increases when decomposers are present d. Oxygen gas does not dissolve in liquid water e. remains the same
a
Oxygen-depleted zones of the oceans, such as the one at the mouth of the Mississippi River, are most likely caused by Select one: a. excessive fertilizers carried into the ocean, which cause algal blooms that lower the oxygen levels. b. acid precipitation falling on the ocean c. a reduction in the plant life in rivers that empty into the ocean near the dead zone. d. thermal pollution in the ocean e. large numbers of fish that are using up all the oxygen in the water.
a
Stone fly nymphs live in beds of streams that contain a high level of dissolved oxygen. When the dissolved oxygen decreases in the stream, stone fly nymphs can no longer live there. Stone fly nymphs are an example of Select one: a. an indicator species b. an endangered species c. a marine species d. a keystone species e. a threatened species
a
Students studying a river found high levels of fecal coliform bacteria. They concluded that Select one: a. untreated animal waste was put in the water b. a nearby treatment plant added chlorine to the waste water c. this water is fit to swim in d. a factory was polluting the river e. they can safely drink the water
a
What impact does the introduction of thermal pollution have on an aquatic ecosystem? Select one: a. Reduces the ability of the water to hold dissolved oxygen b. Increases the ability of the water to hold dissolved carbon dioxide c. Increases the ability of the water to hold dissolved oxygen d. No impact on dissolved carbon dioxide or dissolved oxygen e. Reduces the ability of the water to hold dissolved carbon dioxide
a
When freshwater has high concentrations of calcium and/or magnesium, it is commonly called Select one: a. hard water b. calciferous c. lime d. soft water e. mineralization
a
Where is the environmental disaster where an estuary is eutrophied, and many plant and animal species are now unable to live there? Select one: a. Chesapeake Bay, Maryland b. Love Canal, New York c. Chernobyl, Ukraine d. London, England e. Bhopal, India
a
Which of the following components of a waste-water treatment plant is designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms? Select one: a. Activated-sludge tank b. Grit-settling tank c. Chlorination tank d. Ultraviolet-light array e. Bar screen
a
Which of the following correctly explains what happens to the level of oxygen dissolved in water when organic waste is put in the water? Select one: a. The levels would decrease because of the bacteria feeding off the waste and using the oxygen to live. b. The levels would increase because of the availability of nutrients to animals that live in the water. c. The levels would increase because of the higher temperatures of the water d. The levels would remain the same after the waste was added. e. The levels would decrease because of the waste absorbing the oxygen.
a
Which of the following is NOT a direct source of groundwater pollution? Select one: a. Automobile exhaust b. Underground storage tanks c. Pesticides sprayed on the land d. Wastewater lagoons e. Waste injected into deep wells
a
Which of the following is a common characteristic of lakes undergoing cultural eutrophication? Select one: a. Increased levels of plant nutrients b. Increased levels of oxygen throughout the water column c. Decreased amounts of green and blue-green algae d. Increased water clarity in the epilimnion e. Decreased rates of sediment accumulation
a
Which of the following is a measure of the amount of suspended material in water? Select one: a. Turbidity b. pH c. Alkalinity d. Salinity e. Trace-metal concentration
a
A buildup of toxins in the tissues of predatory birds and eating poisoned rodents and other small animals is an example of Select one: a. conservation of species b. bioaccumulation c. biocide d. lipid detoxification e. natural selection
b
A group of scientists did a biological oxygen demand study along a 30-mile section of a stream. The data they obtained is given in the graph above. The BOD at mile 12 is approximately Select one: a. 175 ppm b. 220 ppm c. 50 ppm d. 700 ppm e. 200 ppm
b
Carbon filters improve water quality by Select one: a. adding carbon atoms that provide important nutrients b. clinging to small particles and improving taste c. removing large foreign objects d. disinfecting pathogens e. absorbing calcium ions that make water "bad"
b
Distillation and reverse osmosis are methods for which of the following processes? Select one: a. Minimizing water losses from irrigation b. Desalination c. Tapping groundwater d. Transferring watersheds e. Curbing water waste
b
Measure of nutrient pollution Select one: a. pH b. Dissolved oxygen c. Calcium ion concentration d. Conductivity e. Secchi disc
b
Measure of salinity Select one: a. pH b. Conductivity c. Dissolved oxygen d. Calcium ion concentration e. Secchi disc
b
The amount of dissolved oxygen in water depends on Select one: a. temperature b. All of the choices c. water flow volume d. number of organisms using oxygen for respiration e. water flow velocity
b
The least likely way microscopic pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and protozoa) enter waterways is through Select one: a. family pet waste b. mining runoff c. bilge water d. farm runoff e. untreated urban sewage
b
The presence of which of the following contaminants would be the strongest reason for judging municipal sewage sludge unfit for use as a fertilizer? Select one: a. Nitrates b. Heavy metals c. Human feces d. Phosphates e. Ammonia
b
Turbidity is a measure of water's Select one: a. flocculation b. cloudiness c. chlorination d. speed e. transparency
b
Which of the following organisms is the first to be adversely affected by thermal pollution in a stream? Select one: a. Large fish migrating up stream b. Insect larvae in the water c. Bacteria in the water d. Birds drinking the water e. Trees along the bank
b
In a river ecosystem, dissolved oxygen concentrations drop quickly downstream from a point-source input of organic matter into the river. This effect is due to Select one: a. increasing activity of trout and black bass b. decreasing water temperature as surface evaporation increases c. increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays d. increasing populations of mayfly and stonefly larvae e. decreasing bacterial activity as turbidity increases
c
Measure of water hardness Select one: a. Dissolved oxygen b. Secchi disc c. Calcium ion concentration d. Conductivity e. pH
c
Pollutants from agriculture, storm runoff, lawn fertilizers, and sewer overflows are Select one: a. point source b. easy to trace c. non-point source d. open source e. always absorbed by wetlands
c
Put these zones in the order that represents the oxygen sag that occurs in a river after a discharge of an oxygen-demanding waste. Select one: a. Decomposition zone - recovery zone - septic zone b. Recovery zone - decomposition zone - septic zone c. Decomposition zone - septic zone - recovery zone d. Septic zone - recovery zone - decomposition zone e. Septic zone - decomposition zone - recovery zone
c
Responsible for decreasing dissolved oxygen in streams Select one: a. Ammonia b. Atmospheric nitrogen c. Nitrates d. Nitrogen dioxide
c
The acid most commonly found in mine drainage is Select one: a. citric acid b. carbonic acid c. sulfuric acid d. acetic acid e. hydrochloric acid
c
The dissolved oxygen content in water is usually measured in Select one: a. percentages b. degrees c. parts per million d. parts per billion e. microliters
c
This is caused by the biomagnification of mercury in fish Select one: a. Fecal coliform b. Calcium ions c. Minimata disease d. Eutrophication e. Sediment
c
Which of the following choices give the correct order of processing sanitary waste in a sewage treatment plant? Select one: a. Disinfection -- breakdown of organics by bacteria -- solid separation b. Solid separation -- disinfection -- breakdown of organics by bacteria c. Solid separation -- breakdown of organics by bacteria -- disinfection d. Breakdown of organics by bacteria -- disinfection -- solid separation e. Breakdown of organics by bacteria -- solid separation -- disinfection
c
Which of the following is most likely to increase both the nutrient levels and the bacterial content of lake water? Select one: a. Increased aeration of the lake water b. Thermal pollution from a nearby power plant c. Runoff from a nearby pig farm d. Percolation of the water through soil to groundwater e. Acidification of the lake water by acid deposition
c
Which of the following is the usual cause of cultural eutrophication in surface waters of both developed and developing countries? Select one: a. Lack of proper filtration devices for power plant effluents b. Introduction of cyanobacteria to streams and rivers c. Runoff of nitrate compounds into bodies of water d. Runoff of metal ions in bodies of water e. Runoff of herbicides into bodies of water
c
Which of the following kills pathogens and removes most organic material through aeration? Select one: a. Septic systems b. Municipal septic systems c. Secondary sewage treatment d. Primary sewage treatment e. Tertiary sewage treatment
c
A battery manufacturing plant accidentally leached cadmium (Cd) into a local lake. Ecologists samples various species from the lake and determined the cadmium concentration in the tissues of each organism. The data are shown below: Cadmium Concentration (mg / kg tissue) Species A 100 Species B 10 Species C 30 Species D 65 Species E 20 Which species is most likely the apex predator? Select one: a. Species B b. Species E c. Species D d. Species A e. Species C
d
A group of scientists did a biological oxygen demand study along a 30-mile section of a stream. The data they obtained is given in the graph above. The BOD test is designed to directly measure Select one: a. the amounts of nitrites in the water b. the amounts of coliform bacteria c. how much light can pass to the bottom of the stream d. the rate at which oxygen is being consumed by microorganisms e. how rapidly the water is moving
d
DDT is an insecticide sprayed to control insects. Years after it was introduced, DDT was found in large predatory birds, such as the osprey. Which of the following processes caused the DDT to be found in the osprey? I. Biomagnification II. Bioremediation III. Bioaccumulation Select one: a. III only b. I, II ,and III c. I only d. I and III only e. II only
d
Fecal coliform bacteria are naturally found in Select one: a. saliva of rabid mammals b. large slow-flowing rivers c. hot sulfur springs d. feces and intestinal tracts e. decaying carcasses
d
If wastewater treatment plant effluent that contains nitrates and phosphates is allowed to flow into a body of water, which of the following may result? Select one: a. Methylation b. Chlorination c. Decomposition d. Eutrophication e. Oxygenation
d
In the wastewater treatment process, aluminum sulfate is used to help precipitate suspended toxins in a process called Select one: a. incineration b. absorption c. stripping d. flocculation e. bacterial remediation
d
The goal of the second stage of a septic treatment plant is to Select one: a. remove the large solid material b. remove chemicals such as DDT or PCBs c. aerate the water d. lower the amount of organic material in the water e. make muddy water clear
d
The pH scale is a measurement of the concentration of Select one: a. HCl b. OH- ions c. H+ ions d. H3O+ ions e. NaOH
d
What impact do algal blooms have on plants living deeper beneath the surface of the water? Select one: a. They supply extra nutrients to deeper growing plants b. They have no impact c. They cause deeper-growing plants to seek other forms of food d. They kill them e. They increase the amount of sunlight to deeper-growing plants
d
Which of the following is NOT an indicator of a high stream DO? Select one: a. Trout b. Mayfly larvae c. Caddisfly larvae d. Leech e. Stonefly larvae
d
Which of the following is a hazard of thermal pollution? Select one: a. Increase in algal content b. Pollution of public drinking water c. Increased evaporation d. Disruption of aquatic life e. Eutrophication
d
Which of the following is an example of water pollution that could potentially experience biomagnification? Select one: a. Hard water b. Salinization c. Selenium d. Fat soluble pesticides e. Nutrients
d
Which of the following is the most prevalent form of water pollution? Select one: a. Acid deposition b. Methylated mercury c. Pathogens d. Sediment e. Oxygen-demanding wastes
d
Which of the following pH measurements from water could indicate acidic mine drainage? Select one: a. pH 8.2 b. pH 8.0 c. pH 7.3 d. pH 5.1 e. pH 6.8
d
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the source of gray water with its most frequent use in the home? Select one: a. Dishwasher and sink water used to flush toilets b. Water collected from rainfall used to flush toilets c. Water from showers used for dish washing d. Dishwasher and sink water used to irrigate garden plants e. Flushed toilet water used to irrigate garden plants
d
Measure of acidity Select one: a. Secchi disc b. Conductivity c. Dissolved oxygen d. Calcium ion concentration e. pH
e
Measure of turbidity Select one: a. Conductivity b. pH c. Dissolved oxygen d. Calcium ion concentration e. Secchi disc
e
Salination is caused by Select one: a. oil spills b. traditional farming techniques c. salt water intrusion in the water table d. too much rain and flooding e. irrigation in dry climates
e
Secondary sewage treatment oxidizes waste ammonia into nitrates, which is still a form of water pollution because Select one: a. nitrates are mutagenic. b. nitrates are neurotoxins. c. nitrates remain in the ecosystem for a very long time. d. nitrates are carcinogenic. e. nitrates ultimately decrease the dissolved oxygen in streams.
e
The highest priority of the Clean Water Act is to provide Select one: a. guidance in toxic chemical disposal b. funds to increase recycling participation c. policies to attain fishable and swimmable waters in the United States d. funds to reclaim old strip mines e. policies to lessen the amount of oil spills in the ocean
e
The pH value is a measure of the Select one: a. BOD of the water b. amount of heavy metals in the water c. amount of dissolved ions in the water d. concentration of oxygen in the water e. concentration of hydrogen ions in the water
e
Thermal pollution is most often caused by __________ and changes a river by __________ . Select one: a. power plants ; decreasing dissolved oxygen b. recreational boats ; decreasing dissolved oxygen c. recreational boats ; increasing dissolved oxygen d. sewage treatment ; increasing dissolved phosphates e. power plants ; increasing dissolved oxygen
e
What effect can acid rain have on an aquatic ecosystem? Select one: a. Leaching of Al3+ ions b. Destruction of metals and stone c. Increase in plankton and moss d. Nitrogen saturation e. Decline in plant growth
e
What happens to the oxygen solubility in water as the temperature increases? Select one: a. It increases b. It depends on the depth of the water c. It stays the same d. It depends on the salinity of the water e. It decreases
e
What is the natural enrichment of a lake environment called? Select one: a. Secondary treatment b. Tertiary treatment c. Primary treatment d. Algal bloom e. Eutrophication
e
What is typically TRUE of water temperatures? Select one: a. They are less stable than air temperatures b. They change with air temperature c. They always decrease with depth d. The always increase with depth e. They are more stable than air temperatures.
e
Which of the following is NOT an example of an inorganic water pollutant? Select one: a. Mercury b. Acid deposition c. Calcium d. Sulfide ions e. Dioxins
e
