Chapter 20 (part 2), A&P Final, Reproductive System, A&P ch. 21 Growth & Development, Personal Exam 1 Review (AP Chapter 21), Chapter 32 evolve
which homone casues milk to be eject into the laciterous ducts
22. Oxytocin causes milk to be ejected into the lactiferous ducts.
The prostate secretes a thin alkaline substance that constitutes about
30% of the seminal fluid volume
The prostate secretes a thin alkaline substance that constitutes about _____ of the seminal fluid volume.
31%
The development of the fetus in a location other than the uterus is called a (an):
ectopic pregnancy
Organs of the reproductive system can be classified as
essential and accessory
Organs of the reproductive system can be classified as:
essential or accessory.
Cyclical changes in the uterus are brought about by changing blood concentrations of:
estrogens and progesterone
The part of the vulva that is composed of erectile tissue and is located just behind the anterior junction of the labia minora is called the:
fallopian tube Fertilization most often occurs in the outer third of the uterine fallopian tube. The ovary is the site of oogenesis, but fertilization does not occur until the ovum is released from the ovary. The uterus is the site of implantation or menstruation, not fertilization, and the vagina is the birth canal. It is not the site of fertilization.
The distal part of the corpus spongiosum overlaps the terminal end of the two corpora cavernosa to form a slightly bulging structure called the:
glans penis
A dense, white fibrous capsule called the _____ encases each testis.
tunica albuginea
A tough, white, fibrous membrane called the ______________ surrounds each testis.
tunica albuginea
What is the structural relationship between the prostate gland and the urethra
urethra passes through the small hole in the center of the prostate
What is the structure that connects the epididymis with the ejaculatory duct?
vas deferens
what is another name for the external genitals of the female
vulva.
how does an increase in estrogen level affect the uterine lining
An increase in blood estrogens produces the following changes in the uterus: proliferation of endometrial cells, a thickening of the endometrium, growth of endometrial glands and of the spiral arteries of the endometrium, increase in water content of the endometrium, and increased myometrial contractions.
12. What are the functions of the dartos and cremaster muscles and how does this function influence fertility
Contraction of the dartos muscle fibers causes slight elevation of the testes and wrinkling of the scrotal pouch. Contraction of the cremaster muscle causes significant elevation of the testes. By elevating the scrotum closer to the warmth of the perineal wall, the temperature of the testicles can be maintained at a more constant level, which ensures optimal temperature for sperm formation.
cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the penis
Corpus cavernosa corpus spongiosum
hormones that prepare the breasts structurally for lactation
Estrogen and progesterone prepare the breast for lactation.
Birth control pills that contain estrogen act to suppress what hormone?
FSH
Failure to have a menstrual period is called
amenorrhea
During a woman's lifetime, how many primary follicles fully develop into mature follicles?
350-500
The fundus of the uterus is the:
Area above where the tubes enter The bulging area of the uterus above where the fallopian tubes enter is known as the fundus. The cervix is the lower, narrow section, and the central portion is the body of the uterus. The cervical canal is the opening into the uterus.
During a 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation would be most likely to occur on day ___ of the cycle
Day 14 is considered the most likely time in a 28-day cycle when ovulation releases the ovum from the ovary and it moves into the uterine tube. The menses period and not ovulation is most likely to occur on day 3. Day 8 is usually the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, and day 21 is usually the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.
briefly describe the network of ducts and secreting cells that form the mammary glands
Each breast consists of several lobes separated by septa of connective tissue. Each lobe consists of several lobules, which, in turn, are composed of connective tissues in which are embedded the secreting cells of the gland, arranged in grapelike clusters around the minute ducts. The ducts from the various lobules unite, forming a single lactiferous duct for each lobe. These main ducts converge toward the nipple like the spokes of a wheel. Each of these ducts terminates in a tiny opening on the surface of the nipple.
The layer of the uterus from which tissue is sloughed during menstruation is the:
Endometrium The endometrium is the mucous membrane lining of the uterus and the layer that is shed during menstruation. The myometrium is the muscular middle layer of the uterus and is not shed during menstruation. The epimetrium, also known as the perimetrium, is the outside serous layer of the uterus; it is not shed during menstruation.
High blood levels of estrogens and progesterone inhibit pituitary secretion of:
FSH and LH
The two hormones that are secreted by the adenohypophysis and that influence the female reproductive cycle are:
FSH and LH
The two hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and influence the female reproductive cycle are
FSH and LH
Structural components of spermatozoon and functions
Head: highly compact package of genetic material covered by a specialized acrosome and acrosomal cap, which contain enzymes that are released during capacitation. Cylindrical middle piece: characterized by a helical arrangement of mitochondria arranged end to end around a central core, which provides energy for sperm locomotion. Tail: divided into a principal piece and short-end piece, both typical in appearance of all flagella capable of motility.
Which of the following is not a function of testosterone?
It has a stimulating effect on protein catabolism
Why is the scrotum located outside the body?
It provides an environment about 1° C cooler than normal body temperature
The hormone that causes the follicle to rupture and the ovum to be expelled is:
Luteinizing hormone may also be called the "ovulating hormone." FSH stimulates growth and maturation of the follicles and secretion of estrogen, which stimulates the growth of the epithelial cells lining the uterus. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum and stimulates the growth of the endometrium. It also helps to maintain any pregnancy that may occur.
what is menopause?
Menopause is the termination of menstrual cycles. Menopause occurs when ovarian follicles cease to respond to gonadotropins.
In the sperm, mitochondria are located in the:
Mitochondria in the midpiece break down ATP to provide energy for the sperm. The acrosome contains enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the ovum, and the head contains the genetic material from the male. The tail propels the sperm along its journey.
anatomical position of the uterus
Normally, the uterus is flexed between the body and cervix, with the body lying over the superior surface of the bladder, pointing forward and slightly upward. The cervix points downward and backward from the point of flexion, joining the vagina at approximately a right angle. Eight uterine ligaments (three pairs, two single ones) hold the uterus in its normal position by anchoring it in the pelvic cavity.
What factors influence male fertility
Number of sperm ejaculated, size of sperm, shape of sperm, and sperm motility all influence male fertility.
a surge in FSH and LH is associated with what major event of the ovarian cycle
Ovulation
why is the postmenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle sometimes called the proliferative phase
Proliferative phase is another name for the postmenstrual cycle because proliferation of the endometrial cells occurs at this time.
What is the alkaline, viscous liquid substance secreted by the seminal vesicles?
Semen
Compare the volume, viscosity, pH, and composition of the secretions produced by the accessory reproductive glands
Seminal vesicles: secrete an alkaline, viscous liquid that constitutes about 60% of the semen. Contains fructose, which serves as an energy source. Other components include prostaglandins and a non-blood type coagulating enzyme called vesiculase. Prostate: secretes a watery, milky-looking, and slightly acidic fluid that constitutes about 30% of the semen. Components of secretion include citrate and enzymes (hyaluronidase and prostate-specific antigen). Bulbourethral glands: secrete an alkaline fluid containing mucus.
What cells provide mechanical support and protection for the developing germ cells?
Sertoli cells
In sequence the reproductive ducts sperm pass through from formation to ejaculation
Sperm pass through the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
What are the two primary functions of the testes?
Spermatogenesis and secretion of hormones
Stem cells for sperm are known as:
Spermatogonia are the precursors of sperm and are located near the outer edge of each seminiferous tubule. Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production, while spermatids are daughter cells that result from spermatogenesis. A mature sperm cell is a spermatozoa.
the three principal layers of the uterine wall
The body, cervix, and fundus are the principal layers of the uterine wall.
The part of the vulva that is composed of erectile tissue and is located just behind the anterior junction of the labia minora is called the:
The clitoris, which is composed of erectile tissue and has a vast nerve and blood supply, is analogous to the male penis. The mons pubis is an area over the symphysis pubis and is composed mainly of fat, not erectile tissue. The hymen is a fold of mucous membrane-not erectile tissue-that partially covers the entrance to the vagina. The labia majora are the "large lips" that extend downward from the mons pubis.
Which of the following structures does not secrete a substance that makes up seminal fluid?
The ductus deferens is a reproductive duct and is used as a passageway; it does not secrete a substance. The testes secrete sperm into the seminal fluid, and the seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands secrete fluid into the seminal fluid.
Which of the following is not a secreting gland in the male reproductive system? A.Seminal vesicle B.Epididymis C.Prostate D.Bulbourethral .
The epididymis is a reproductive duct, not a gland. The seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral are accessory or supportive sex glands, which secrete fluid in the male reproductive system
accessory organs of the female reproductive system
The major accessory organs are the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands.
what is the difference between the ovarian cycle and the menstrual (endometrial) cycle
The ovarian cycle refers to the events that aid and lead to the development of the egg in the ovary and the release of that egg (ovulation). The menstrual cycle refers to the events that prepare the endometrium for the fertilized egg.
what are the ovarian follicles
The ovarian follicles are epithelial cells located in the ovaries and embedded in a connective tissue matrix.
What are the essential organs of the female reproductive system
The ovaries are the essential organs of the female reproductive system.
major functions of the ovaries
The ovaries produce female gametes, or ova. The ovaries also secrete the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Describe the location, shape and subdivision of the male perineum
The perineum in the male is a roughly diamond-shaped area between the thighs. It extends from the symphysis pubis anteriorly to the coccyx posteriorly. Its most lateral boundary on either side is the ischial tuberosity. The two subdivisions of the perineum are the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle.
The region between the vaginal orifice and the anus is called the:
The perineum is the area between the vaginal opening and the anus and is the site of the surgical procedure called an "episiotomy," which prevents tissue tearing during childbirth. The mons pubis is the hairy fatty pad over the symphysis pubis. The labia majora are the "large lips" that extend downward from the mons pubis, and the labia minora are the "small lips" located within the labia majora.
The foreskin on the male is also known as the:
The prepuce is the foreskin and is the structure that is removed during a circumcision. The glans penis is the enlarged area at the distal end of the shaft that is covered by the foreskin. The urinary meatus is the external opening of the urethra, and the scrotum is a part of the external genitalia.
The male gland that secretes a fructose sugar used as an energy source for sperm is the:
The seminal vesicle adds a fructose sugar to the semen, which provides a source of energy for the sperm so that it might survive during the journey to the site of fertilization. The spermatic cord is a structure that contains arteries, veins, nerves, and the ductus (vas) deferens. The bulbourethral (Cowper) glands secrete a precoital lubricating fluid
Primary functions of the testes Spermatogenesis: production of sperm. Cell type or structure involved in the functions of the testes
The seminiferous tubules produce sperm. Secretion of hormones: interstitial cells.
The optimal temperature for sperm production is about ___________ normal body temperature.
The sperm should be kept about 3 degrees lower than body temperature for optimal production and survival. Although sperm must be kept lower than body temperature, 10 degrees below normal is too cool. Anything above normal is too warm.
Shortly before menstruation:
The sudden decrease in both estrogen and progesterone causes the uterine lining to break down and menstruation to begin. An increase of estrogen and progesterone would encourage an extension of the secretory phase, not menstruation. FSH begins to increase shortly prior to and during menstruation, while the corpus luteum is degenerating and is decreasing the amount of progesterone excreted
Describe the location, size and shape of the testes
The testes are small, ovoid glands located in the scrotum that are somewhat flattened from side to side, measure about 4 or 5 cm in length, and weigh 10 to 15 grams each.
In the male reproductive system, the essential organs of reproduction are called:
The testes are the male gonads and are considered essential organs of the system. The seminal vesicles and Cowper glands are accessory glands and are not essential organs of the system. The vas deferens is a reproductive duct and not an essential organ.
The tightly coiled tube of the epididymis measures:
The time it takes the sperm to travel through the long, 20-foot tube of the epididymis allows it to further mature.
location of the ovaries
The two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus, are located below and behind the uterine tubes.
what are the functions of the uterine/fallopian tubes
The uterine tubes collect the ovum when it is released from the ovary and transport it to the uterus. The tubes are also the site of fertilization.
chief functions of the uterus
The uterus permits sperm to ascend toward the uterine tubes. If fusion of gametes occurs, the developing offspring implants in the endometrial lining of the uterus and continues its development. Tiny endometrial glands of the uterus produce nutrient secretions to sustain the developing offspring until the placenta can be produced. Finally, the rhythmic contractions of the myometrium occur during delivery that help push the offspring out of the mother's body.
functions of the vagina
The vagina lubricates and stimulates the glans penis during intercourse, serves as a receptacle for semen, serves as the lower part of the birth canal, and also transports blood and tissue shed from the lining of the uterus during menstruation.
Occasionally, a baby is born with undescended testes. When this occurs, the condition is known as:
Undescended testes, or cryptorchidism, must be treated immediately to prevent sterility. Remember the requirement of the testes to remain 3 degrees cooler than normal body temperature. Phimosis is foreskin that fits too snuggly about the glans, and hydrocele is an accumulation of fluid in the scrotum. A prostatectomy is surgery to remove the prostate gland.
What is the structure that connects the epididymis with the ejaculatory duct?
Vas deferens
Failure to have a menstrual period is called:
amenorrhea
The uterine tubes consist of all of the following divisions except the: A.isthmus. B.ampulla. C.infundibulum. D.apex.
apex
The mucus-like secretions of this gland contribute less than 5% of the seminal fluid volume
bulbourethral
The movement of the ovum through the uterine tubes is facilitated by
ciliary action
The movement of the ovum through the uterine tubes is facilitated by:
ciliary action
The small organ that is made of erectile tissue and is located just behind the anterior junction of the labia minora is called the
clitoris
The small organ that is made of erectile tissue and is located just behind the junction of the labia minora is called the:
clitoris
The development of the fetus in a location other than the uterus is called an
ectopic pregnancy
How is the normal function of the male reproductive system different form the end result of "normal function" in other organ systems?
ensures survival not of the individual, but of the species.
Accessory organ of the male reproduction system
epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and the urethra.
how is the corpus lutem formed
from the cells of the ruptured follicle. These cells enlarge and become transformed into the golden corpus luteum.
The surface of the ovary is covered by a layer of small epithelial cells called the:
germinal epithelium
In both sexes, the essential organs of reproduction that produce the gametes are called
gonads
In both sexes, the essential organs of reproduction that produce the gametes are called:
gonads
Essential organs of the male reproductive system
gonads (testes)
how are the citoris of the female and the glans penis of the male similar in structure and function
he clitoris is composed of erectile tissue homologous to the corpora cavernosa and glans of the penis. Also, the prepuce, or foreskin, covers the clitoris, as it does the glans penis.
Which of the following is not a phase of the menstrual cycle? A.Menses B.Postmenstrual phase C.Menopause D.Ovulation E.Premenstrual phase
menopause
The production of female gametes is called
oogenesis
The process of egg formation is called:
oogenesis The production of the female gametes or sex cells (ova or eggs) is oogenesis. Ovulation is the discharge of the mature ovum from the Graafian follicle, and fertilization is the moment the female's ovum and the male's sperm cell unite, forming a zygote. Germination is the growth and development from the time of fertilization to the formation of the embryo.
What are the two functions of the ovaries?
oogenesis and secretion of estrogen and progesterone
The essential organ of reproduction in women is the
ovary
The essential organ of reproduction in women is the:
ovary
Which of the following is not an accessory sex organ to the female reproductive system? A.Ovary B.Vagina C.Fallopian tube D.Mammary glands
ovary The ovaries are the gonads and are the only essential organs of the female reproductive system. The vagina and fallopian tubes are accessory organs that serve as ducts for the female reproductive system. The mammary glands or breasts are accessory organs that serve as glands for the female reproductive system.
The release of an ovum at the end of oogenesis is an event called:
ovulation
What hormone stimulates the alveoli of the breasts to eject milk into the ducts, thereby making it accessible for the infant to remove by suckling?
oxytocin
The mechanism that controls anterior pituitary secretion of FSH and ovarian secretion of estrogens is:
positive-feedback mechanism and negative-feedback mechanism
The two types of ovarian hormones that control breast development during puberty are:
progesterone and estrogen
General functions of testosterone in male reproduction system
promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics, helps regulates metabolism (protein anabolism), plays a part in fluid and electrolyte metabolism, and inhibits anterior pituitary secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH).
What two structures constitute the external genitals of the male
scrotum and penis constitute the external genitals of the male
function of the corpus luteum
secretes progesterone.
The mixture of sperm and the secretions of the accessory organs or glands is called
semen