Chapter 20: The Progressive Era, 1890-1920
Which of the following social groups did women's suffrage most often exclude?
Correct Answer(s) - African American women Incorrect Answer(s) - women in western states - feminists - middle- and upper-class women
Which of the following represent progressive policies that Taft successfully enforced during his presidency?
Correct Answer(s) - Bureau of Mines - the breakup of the Standard Oil Company - Mann-Elkins Act Incorrect Answer(s) - Ballinger-Pinchot controversy - Payne-Aldrich Tariff
In an effort to improve the democratic process, progressives supported initiatives to allow members of the public greater administrative control in local government.
False
Progressives all shared the same goals and approved of the same tactics needed to achieve those goals.
False
Why did Roosevelt choose to vigorously enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
He wanted to break up companies that acted in unfair and illegal ways.
Identify the actions Taft took that angered Roosevelt.
Taft fired Gifford Pinchot and allowed federally protected lands to be used for commercial interests.
Analyze the election maps. Compare the results of the elections of 1896 and 1912. What factors contributed to Woodrow Wilson winning states that had traditionally voted Republican?
The Republican party wasn't unified.
How did women's clubs pursue progressive goals?
Correct Answer(s) - They sought to develop laws to protect women in the workplace. - They encouraged governments to provide services to the poor. - They educated the public on issues relating to public sanitation. Incorrect Answer(s) - They created efficient regulatory agencies for big business. - They helped women get elected to many high-ranking government positions.
Prior to 1918, Wilson and Roosevelt supported the woman suffrage movement and helped suffragists achieve considerable success, particularly in western states.
False
Roosevelt used the power of the federal government and the military to end strikes, despite questions surrounding the constitutionality of such action.
True
Which of the following describes Wilson's reason for creating the Federal Reserve System?
Wilson wanted to prevent banks from failing during panics.
What was Wilson's motivation for creating the Underwood-Simmons Tariff?
Wilson wanted to reduce the tariff in order to promote competition. He believed that a high tariff supported monopolies and high prices. The Underwood-Simmons Tariff also led to the creation of the income tax.
Complete the passage below to describe how the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which was led by Frances Willard from 1879 to 1898, and other temperance organizations evolved over time.
Many progressive women believed alcohol caused crime, political corruption, and domestic violence. The temperance movement initially sought to encourage responsible drinking. Eventually, women formed the Anti-Saloon League, which, along with the WCTU, championed the national prohibition of alcohol. Congress eventually approved a constitutional amendment that prohibited alcohol.
Complete the passage below to describe how muckrakers informed Roosevelt's policies on the regulation of the food industry.
Upton Sinclair wrote a novel that revealed the horrors of the meatpacking industry in 1906. Roosevelt was inspired by the journalist's work and encouraged Congress to pass two laws that would regulate the industry. The Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act allowed the government to inspect food and medicine.
According to progressives, what was the main source of the crisis facing the United States?
powerful corporations
Identify how Wilson pursued his anti-trust goals.
Correct Answer(s) - He attempted to strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. - He developed the Federal Trade Commission to identify and rectify unfair trade practices. Incorrect Answer(s) - He attacked labor unions with the Clayton Anti-Trust Act to try to appease corporations and gain support for his anti-trust policies. - He increased the protective tariff to promote U.S. business interests.
Analyze the image of government inspectors. Bad meat. Which of the statements does it support about progressivism?
Correct Answer(s) - Progressives believed in the regulation of the economy to promote the public well-being. - Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906) was an example of effective progressive muckraking that spurred government action. Incorrect Answer(s) - Progressives believed that key institutions like meatpacking facilities should be run by the government. - Roosevelt sought to break up monopolies.
What factors helped encourage the passage of child labor and workplace safety laws?
Correct Answer(s) - Progressives on the National Child Labor Committee lobbied for legislation to prohibit the employment of children. - A sweatshop fire killed over 100 young workers in an unsafe work environment.
In 1901, Roosevelt invited civil rights leader Booker T. Washington to the White House, to the outcry of white Southerners. How did Roosevelt's subsequent actions affect his relationship with the African American population?
Correct Answer(s) - Roosevelt appealed to southern whites and their racist sentiments, which angered the African American community. - African Americans opposed Roosevelt's decision to dishonorably discharge an entire regiment of African American soldiers. Incorrect Answer(s) - African Americans supported Roosevelt in large numbers because of his commitment to equality.
How did religious leaders and institutions contribute to the progressive movement?
Correct Answer(s) - They adopted the social gospel, which held that religious organizations and individual Christians were obligated to lead the effort in helping the poor. - They supported the right of workers to unionize. - They provided assistance to poor Americans. Incorrect Answer(s) - They preached to the poor to encourage them to turn their lives around and find jobs. - They supported Social Darwinism.
How did socialist ideas influence the progressive movement in the United States?
Correct Answer(s) - They introduced "progressive taxation" as a solution for closing the income gap between the rich and poor. - They created a focus on the need for improving working conditions. Incorrect Answer(s) - They called for the government to own large corporations to improve working conditions. - They wanted massive tax cuts for the wealthy so they would spend more and pump money into the economy. - They called for the corrupt government to keep out of the affairs of businesses.
Identify how Wilson's progressive policies differed from those of Taft and Roosevelt.
Correct Answer(s) - Wilson supported strict anti-trust laws. - Wilson succeeded in lowering the tariff, unlike his Republican predecessors. Incorrect Answer(s) - Wilson was opposed to conservation and sought to open government lands to corporate development. - Wilson was more supportive of African American rights than Taft.
Which of the following were issues that motivated progressive reformers?
Correct Answer(s) - women's suffrage - social ills of rapid urbanization and industrialization - political corruption - the consumption of alcohol - the power of large corporations - economic inequality Incorrect Answer(s) - free coinage of silver
Complete the passage below to describe how the Populist party contributed to the progressive movement.
In the 1890s the United States experienced a depression that caused massive unemployment and widespread poverty. The Populist party differed from the progressive movement in that the Populists were popular in the South and West while the progressive movement was nationwide and more urban. The Populists were interested in political reform like the direct election of senators. Progressives adopted many of these reforms in the twentieth century.
Complete the passage below to describe events leading to the formation of the Progressive party.
Roosevelt was angry with Taft's policies and developed a set of principles known as New Nationalism. Roosevelt tried to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912. When the party chose Taft as its candidate, Roosevelt and his supporters formed a party with progressive goals such as women's suffrage, a minimum wage, and other social reforms.
Why did Roosevelt's progressive policies anger lumber companies?
Roosevelt's environmental conservation movement upset lumber companies because it prevented them from logging in certain areas.
How did the following progressive reforms contribute to the promotion of social justice in the United States?
Sixteenth Amendment - income tax created by Congress to redistribute wealth and prevent the richest Americans from controlling all the nation's wealth National Consumers League - educated Americans about child labor and poor working conditions Temperance Movement - campaign against the evils of alcohol
How did each of the following contribute to the progressive movement?
Socialists - supported better working conditions The Ys and the Salvation Army - developed charities to provide services to the community and those in need Mugwumps - fought for "honest government" Journalists - educated the public by exposing corruption
Woodrow Wilson campaigned under the idea of New Freedom, a program that held that all trusts should be broken up, while Roosevelt and Taft supported law-abiding trusts.
True
Why did progressive leader Jane Addams believe churches and charities were "totally inadequate to deal with the vast numbers of the city's disinherited"?
There were too many people who needed help. Churches and charities could not reach them all.
In what region of the nation did women first gain full suffrage rights?
Left Side
Which of the following ideologies did suffragists incorporate into their movement?
Activists used the social gospel to make a case for women's suffrage.
How did each of the following contribute to Roosevelt's trust-busting efforts?
Hepburn Act - The government was allowed to limit railroad freight rates. Square Deal - Roosevelt set out to use the government to regulate corporations. He wanted to champion the ideal of "fair play" in business and politics. Bureau of Corporations - The government had a way to monitor large corporations. Elkins Act - The railroads were no longer allowed to give secret refunds to certain customers.
How did each of the following measures improve the democratic process?
Initiative - allowed voters to create petitions to add proposals to the ballot Recall - allowed voters to remove corrupt officials from office Direct Primary - allowed everyone in a party to vote in primary elections Referendum - allowed voters to vote on proposals created by citizens Seventeenth Amendment - allowed the people to elect senators directly
Which of the following reflects progressives' beliefs about the ideal role of the government, despite the variety of their goals and methods?
The government should be responsive to the needs of the people and address the ills of society.
Despite success in reforming the political system, progressives failed to adequately regulate big business in the 1890s.
True
Journalists were referred to as muckrakers because Americans did not trust the press and believed their work to be of poor quality.
False
Like Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, who established Chicago's Hull House, founders of settlement houses believed that charitable works and Christian fellowship could adequately address the issues of urban poverty.
False
Progressives did not want the government involved in solving societal problems because many problems stemmed from corruption in the government and in big businesses.
False
Roosevelt's unpopularity among African American voters convinced him not to run in the 1908 election because it was unlikely that he would be victorious.
False
Identify Wilson's policies that were victories for the progressive movement.
Federal Highways Act - allowed farmers to transport their goods more easily Sixteenth Amendment - helped offset lost revenue due to the reduction of the tariff Federal Farm Loan Act - provided long-term farm loans Adamson Act - shortened the workday for railroad workers
Which of the following describe how the muckrakers contributed to the progressive movement?
Muckrakers educated the public about the problems society faced.
Complete the passage below to describe how progressives use Taylorism to achieve their goals.
Progressives championed the practice of "scientific management," developed for industry by Frederick Winslow Taylor, to promote government reform. Taylorism had helped businesses run more effectively by improving productivity. Progressives used Taylorism to make the government more efficient and made sure that experts took over some positions previously held by political appointees. This reduced waste and corruption.
How did the woman suffrage movement evolve? Put the following events in chronological order to illustrate how the movement changed over time.
- Wyoming Territory extends equal voting rights to women. - The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) is formed. - Nine western states grant women full suffrage rights. - New York allows women to vote in all elections.
How did the "Wisconsin idea," proposed by Wisconsin governor Robert M. La Follette, help progressives achieve "a happier and better state to live in"? And how did it seek to ensure "that its institutions are more democratic, that the opportunities of all its people are more equal, [and] that social justice more nearly prevails"?
Correct Answer(s) - It used experts to provide politicians across the state with nonpartisan research, and to help in the drafting of legislation. Incorrect Answer(s) - It reformed the asylum system and improved the way mentally ill people were treated. - It allowed women in Wisconsin to vote in state and local elections. - It regulated businesses to improve working conditions.
Analyze the image depicting Roosevelt as Greek mythological hero Hercules, who as a baby strangled serpents that were sent to kill him. The serpents here represent pro-corporation senator Nelson Aldrich and Standard Oil's John D. Rockefeller. Which of the following arguments are supported by this image?
Correct Answer(s) - Roosevelt sought to limit the power of big corporations. - Some contemporaries saw Roosevelt as an active president who engaged in strenuous—even heroic—activities. Incorrect Answer(s) - Roosevelt's support of the union in the 1902 coal strike led contemporaries to see him as just another snake in the grass. - Roosevelt hated all big business and sought to "strangle" industrial capitalism through regulation.
What were some of the major issues progressives wanted to fix?
Correct Answer(s) - Wealth and power were unequally distributed. - Unregulated urban growth was creating social ills. - Businesses were unregulated and were corrupting politics. Incorrect Answer(s) - African Americans did not enjoy the same rights and privileges as whites. - America lacked the industrial power of other nations.
How did the flaws in the progressive movement shape its motivations?
Correct Answer(s) - Wealthy, well-educated reformers' viewpoints were limited by their ethnic and class prejudices. - Progressives were rarely motivated to address racial inequality. Incorrect Answer(s) - Many progressives wanted the government to stay out of the affairs of the general public. - Progressives supported legislation that benefited industrial leaders at the expense of society at large.
In November 1914, a delegation of African American leaders visited the White House. In this delegation was William Trotter, a Harvard-educated, African American newspaper editor who had helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Trotter said to Wilson, "Have you a 'new freedom' for white Americans, and a new slavery for 'your Afro-American fellow citizens'? God forbid." Which of the following statements are supported by this quotation?
Correct Answer(s) - Wilson believed that race segregation was good for both blacks and whites. - Many in the progressive movement carried racial, ethnic, and class biases. Incorrect Answer(s) - Wilson differed from Roosevelt, who had taken bold action on behalf of African American rights during his presidency. - As a result of Wilson's policies, African Americans stopped their traditional support of Democratic politicians in the South, which harmed his reelection in 1916.
What were the unintended consequences of running governments more efficiently with the city-manager plan?
Correct Answer(s) - Working-class voters felt disenfranchised. - Local governments provided fewer services to citizens. Incorrect Answer(s) - Cities became a miserable place to live, as governments were no longer responsive to the needs of the people. - The cost of hiring a city manager was far more than the manager could save by running the government efficiently.
Which of the following were elements of Roosevelt's Square Deal?
Correct Answer(s) - conservation of natural resources like water or forests - vigorous use of Sherman Anti-Trust Act - greater control by government of corporations - regulations of food and medicines to protect consumers - attacks on cronyism
