Chapter 21 & 23 Key Terms

George Willhelm Friedrich Hegel

(1770-1831) Leading figure of German idealism Developed the dialectic theory -- initial idea is challenged by an opposing view and results in a hybrid of the two ideas.

William Wordsworth

(1771-1855) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge were deeply influenced by philosophy of Rousseau and the spirit of the early French Revolution. IN 1798, both poets published Lyrical Ballads, one of most influential literary works in the history of the English language.

Caspar David Friedrich

(1774-1840) Wanderers Above the Mist Mystical view of the sublime power of nature was conveyed in many of his paintings

John Constable

(1776-1821), English romantic painter, painted gentle landscapes in which human beings were at peace with their environments

Lord Byron

(1788-1824) Embodied the melancholic Romantic figure. Died fighting for Greek independence against the Turks in 1824.

Eugene Delocroix

(1796-1863) Most famous French Romantic painter Interested in the exotic and dramatic use of color Liberty Leading the People in his most famous work for his portrayal of the 1830 revolution in france

Victor Hugo

(1802-1885) French writer, an exponent in the French Romantic movement, Contemplations, best known novels- Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Miserables. French poet and novelist and dramatist.

Concert of Europe

(1815-1850's) Lasted from Congress of Vienna in 1815 until the Crimean War of the 1850s Series of arrangements to enforce the status quo as defined by the Vienna settlement Highly conservative in nature

Prague Conference, Austroslavism

(1848) developed notion of Austroslavism: constitution and autonomy within the Hapsburg empire. Pan-Slav Congress failed to unite Slavic people in the empire.

Congress of Vienna

(September 1814-June 1815) Representatives of major powers of Europe, including France, met to redraw territorial lines and to try to restore the social and political order of the Old Regime. The era of conservatism was best represented by the leadership and policies of Klemens von Metternich.

"Humiliation of Olmutz"

-When Austria and Prussia meet over Frederick William IV wanting to unite Germany. Austria was stronger so he had to agree to not unite G. Austria killed the German Unification which led to the humiliation of Olmutz.

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71

1. Ems Dispatch 2. Bismarck used the war with France to bring 4 remaining southern German states into the North German Confederation. 3. Paris fell to the Germans in January, 1871; Napoleon III was captured 4. Treaty of Frankfurt; Alsace and Lorraine ceded to Germany

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Falloux Law

1850 A law that put all education back in the hands and under the supervision of the Catholic Church in France.

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

7 Weeks War 1. Bismarck sought a localized war. Made diplomatic preparations for war with Austria by negotiating with France, Italy and Russia for noninterference 2. Prussia's victory unified much of Germany without Austria

The Communist Manifesto, 1848

A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

Charles Fourier

A leading utopian socialist known for his work, Theory of Four Movements, who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing the private property and monogamous marriage as well (1772-1837)

Richard Wagner

A musical genius, but also someone with strong anti-Semitic views, Wagner was one of the most influential composers of the Romantic Period.

Louis Blanc

A social democrat He believed in the Right to Work National Workshops (provided work for the unemployment) Financial Crisis Flight of capital Stock market crashes 55% decline (because of uncertainty) New 45% increase of taxes on the peasants

Second French Republic

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

Frankfurt Parliament

An attempt to unify Germany in 1848. It intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a unified Germany, but alienated conservatives, workers and liberals.

Friedrich Engels

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

German Confederation (Bund)

Balance of Power enhanced Austrian influence over the German states by creating the GCB of 39 states out of the original 300, with Austria designated as President of the Diet (Assembly) of the Confederation.

Crimean War

Begins as a religious dispute between Catholics and Greek Orthodox Church over access to the holy land. Russia intervenes on the side of the Orthodox Church and they take over Turkish territory because much of the holy lands have been conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Turks declare war on Russia and they suprisingly joined by Britain and France. Russia is defeated. Russia is forced to accept the "Four Points" give up protection of orthodoxy in southeastern Europe, internationalized the Danube, and give up territory claimed on the Danube. Alexander II accepts defeat and agrees. Outcomes: Russia is defeated, weakened and embarrassed, concert system is dead and development and emergence of nursing as a result of Nightingale's work.

"gap theory"

Bismarck argues that the parliament has its power via the cons. and the cons. was granted via the king and since it was the king who granted parliament its power, the king has the final say. The const. did not provide a resolution for handling a stalemate between the king and parliament. He used a big army to collect taxes.

Plobieres, 1859

Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom.

Napoleon III

Comes to power at the end of 1848 Rev as the "law and order" candidate. Wins convincing victory in December election because of his name, fear of socialism and its threat to private property, and presence as a powerful figure. Conservative, nationalist ruler. He had written political pamphlet about his stance. Napoleon was committed to creating a government that serves people's needs and protected them economically. He made sure people were happy and content so that they don't revolt. Argued against a parliamentary system because people will vote in favor of themselves. Puts church back in charge of education- Christianity was believed to be the only way to get the working class to accept the right to private property. Napoleon III then restores universal suffrage, calls for a plebiscite to legitimize the actions he already took; 92% approve. Greatest strength as leader was in economic policies. Invested in banking, heavy industry, and railroad industry. Main public works policy is redesigning Paris. By having a strong economy, social and political problems lose significance. Early part of his rule was more authoritarian (censored press, only the wealthiest had any power or influence). After 1860, he makes more liberal reforms to meet the demands of public opinion- this provided the rest of Europe with an example of how to combine nationalism with autocracy to meet nationalist popular demands. 1870- Napoleon III grants a new constitution that gives Legislative Assembly sovereignty with the emperor as head of state. DOWNFALL Foreign affairs Sends French troops to Rome to put the church back in charge after 1848 revolts. French involvement in Crimean War is unpopular at home even though they win Beginning of conflict over French control of Algeria, and resistance by Vietnamese in Southeast Asia. Support of Italian unification by forming an alliance with Cavour against Austria was not popular in France. Franco-Prussia Wars ruins everything

Tories

Conservative people in the government that helped defeat Napoleon later gaining control over the government of Britain.

Frederic Chopin

Considered Poland's greatest composer, Frédéric Chopin focused his efforts on piano composition and was a strong influence on composers who followed him.

J.W.M Turner

Depicted nature's power and terror. Wild storms and sinking ships were favorable subjects. Many paintings of landscapes, seascapes, sunrises and sunsets.

dialectic

Developed the dialectic theory -- initial idea is challenged by an opposing view and results in a hybrid of the two ideas. Thesis + Anti-Thesis = Synthesis

Zollverein

Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia and including almost all German-speaking states except Austria by 1844

Johann Gottfried Herder

Established the idea of Volksgeist; the ghost or spirit of Germany. Showed nationalism.

Congress System

European international relations controlled by series of meetings held by great powers to monitor and defend the status quo. 1822, Britain withdrew from the Congress effectively killing the Congress System.

Liberalism

First major theory in Western thought that saw the individual as a self-sufficient being, whose freedom and well-being were the sole reasons for the existence of society. Protection of individual rights such as life, livery and property.

Ludwig van Beethoven

German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music). This pianist was considered the master of Romanticism music. The German composer who composed "Moonlight Sonata" and "Fur Elise". Conveyed emotion through music.

Prussian-Danish War, 1863

Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of the provinces of Schelswig and Holstein This provinces were jointly administered by Prussia and Austria but conflicts over jurisdiction would lead to a major war between Prussia and Austria

Immanuel Kant

Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason.

Young Italy

Had no practical support for ending the long regional divisions of France. They called for a united Italy.

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian revolutionary leader. March laws provided for Hungarian independence. Austrians invade. Hungarian armies drove within sight of Vienna. Slavic minorities resisted Magyars.

Volksgeist

Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.

Syllabus of Errors, 1864

In response, Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus of Errors (1864), condemning liberalism.

Henry de Saint-Simon

Industrialization, aided by science, would bring a wondrous new age to Europe. Proper social organization would require the parasites the court, the aristocracy, lawyers and churchmen to give way to the doers

dialectic materialism

Interprets historical change or "progress" as resulting from the contradiction between the dominant economic system of the time(thesis) that gives rise to an opposing system (anti-thesis)

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont.

Carbonari

Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815. Young Italy was an example of a Carbonari.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Johann Gottlieb Fichte, was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant.

Guiseppe Mazzini

Leads a group known as the "Young Italy." He becomes the "heart" of unification because he provides the passion for the movement. First attempt at unification came from this liberal nationalist. His attempts failed, in 1830 and again in 1848.

Legitimacy, compensation and balance of power

Legitimacy: meant returning to power the ruling families deposed by more than two decades of revolutionary warfare. Compensation: meant territorially rewarding those states which had made considerable sacrifices to defeat Napoleon. Balance of Power: arranged the map of Europe so that never again could one state upset the international order and cause a general war

Franz Liszt

Many of his works reflected his native Hungarian music. Greatest piano virtuoso of mid late 19th century. developed the symphonic work that was based on a literary or pictoral idea.

Magyars

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary. Austria assimilated the Hungarians and nullified them as a primary opposition group.

"Eastern Question"

Now that the Ottoman's are gone, how do we adjust to the change in the european power structure? Who gets the lands around the Balkans after the OE leaves?

Ausgleich, 1867

Officially created the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hungarians now had their own assembly, cabinet, and administrative system, and would support and participate with Austria in the Imperial army and in the Imperial government. Results: Austria assimilated the Hungarians and nullified them as a primary opposition group.

Anti-Corn Law League

Organized by manufacturers, sought to appeal the Corn Laws for six years, wanted to abolish the tariffs protecting the domestic price of grain.

Revolutions of 1848

Pattern of Revolution: -Middle and lower classes unify over a common enemy such as a king -Action is taken to overthrow the existing government -A new government must be formed to replace what was overthrown -People disagree over what they want from the new government and how it should operate The new government falls apart -Conservative forces regain control -This pattern holds in all of the revolts of 1848 Pre-1848 Tensions: Industrialization (rapid urbanization led to uncertainty), population increase (food supply problems), ideological challenges, romanticism and repressive measures. Short-term tensions: Agricultural Crises Poor cereal harvests (prices rose 60% in a year) Potato blight ---> Ireland (prices rose 135% for food in one year!) Financial Crises Investment bubbles burst Unemployment increased rapidly England and Russia had no revolutions

Romanticism

Philosophy challenged the rationalism of the Enlightenment and emphasized socialism, emotion, faith and tempestuousness of nature. Romanticism became politically linked the liberalism and nationalism. Romantics saw industry as an attack on nature. Rejected enlightenment view on nature. Individual rights should be limited to freedom of expression. Focused on human condition: ending slavery, fighting poverty, improving industrial conditions. The romantic hero is someone who is willing to separate from society to work on improving it. Glorified the past. Romantics were connected to nationalists because history created a sense of national identity. Exotic and horrifying themes. Ideological forerunners: Rousseau (argued that reason restrained the potential of humans), Kant (believed that some things go beyond what science can explain) and Hegel (romantic historian who developed the dialectic idea which was a collision of enlightenment and romanticism to form a perfect balance). Romanticism got started in Germany. Schiller and Goethe were German Romantics. Coleridge and Wordsworth go hand in hand. Sir Walter Scott writes Ivanho. Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein which shows the consequences of reason. Bronte wrote Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights. Dracula was written by Stoker.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Prometheus Unbound: Detailed the revolt of humans against a society that oppresses them

Frederick William IV

Prussia, (1840-1861) CRAZY, anti-liberal King of Prussia who promised (later went back on it) for constitutional reforms in 1848 (1840-1861). he was still interested in ruling a united Germany.

Theodore Gericault

Raft of the Medusa based on a shipwreck off the west coast of Africa. Themes of power of nature and man's attempt to survive its force.

"blood and iron"

Realpolitik- Bismarck is the ultimate example of this principle. He rejects ideals and the validity of popular legislation for the view that "might makes right." Bismarck would apply the idea forcefully in Prussia's drive for expansion and unification.

Quadruple Alliance

Russia, Prussia, Austria and England Provided for concerted action against any threat to peace or balance of power. France was usually seen as the possible violator of the Vienna settlement. Austria used the alliance to defend the status quo

Decembrist Uprising, 1825

Russian upper class had come into contact with western liberal ideas during the Napoleonic Wars. On December 26th, a garrison marched into the Senate square and refused to take the oath. Results in Nicholas I becoming even more reactionary and doing everything in his power to get rid of liberal influence in Russian Russification.

Second French Revolution

Sans-Cullote took control of Paris Government, forced legislative assembly to depose Louis XVI, and wanted an election for a national convention.

King Victor Emmanuel

Sardinia's King granted liberal constitution in 1848 that remained intact, capturing the approval of liberal nationalists through the peninsula.

Florence Nightingale

She develops nursing as a more holistic approach rather than simply treating the disease. "Light Brigade" She proves that compassion actually improves health care rather than indifferently treating the patient.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Sorrows of the Young Werther Werther personified the Romantic hero who was misunderstood and rejected by society but stayed true to his inner feelings. His rejection by a girl whom he loved resulted in his suicide.

Revolutions of 1830

Starts in France and then goes to Poland and Italy. France emerged from the chaos of its revolutionary period as the most liberal large state in Europe. Louis XVIII agreed to observe the 1814 Charter. The "Ultras" were people offended by the French Revolution. France was divided by those who had accepted the ideas of the Fr. Revolutions and those who didn't. King Charles X of France implemented the July Ordinances. Belgium was the only successful revolution. The results of the Revolutions: The Concert of Europe provided for a recovery of Europe after the long years of the Nap. Wars and revolution. 2. The conservatives did not reverse ALL of the reforms implemented by the FR.

Count Cavour

The "brain" of Italian unification.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red Shirts

The "sword" of Italian unification. Cavour had the practical sense to know that military force was necessary and organized an effective, if small army- the red shirts, Led by Garibaldi. Garibaldi is an interesting character who had fought for independence Italy in 1830 and 1848 and in Hungary. His plan was to use military force to bring about unification. Conquers Sicily. Garibaldi however had no interest in power or ruling, so he gave control of the territory he conquered to VE when they met in Naples to huge crowds.

Louis Philippe (Bourgeois King)

The Duke of Orleans, he is a relative of the Bourbons, but had stayed clear of the Ultras. Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life. His program: property qualifications were reduced for voting, censorship is abolished, The King will be ruled by the will of the people and changes the French Flag to the tricolor. His government ignores the needs and demands of the workers in the cities. An uprising in Paris was put down by the force and 800 were killed or wounded. Silk workers strike in Lyon was crushed. Louis made a lot of people anger because he handled everything with brute force and crushed them. Seething underclass and another rebellion is on the way.

German Empire

The German Empire was proclaimed on January 18th, 1871. Germany now the most powerful nation in Europe. William I became Emperor of Germany (Kaiser Willhelm). Bismarck became the Imperial Chancellor.

Sardinia-Piedmont

The Kingdom that dominated Italian unification. Prussia is to German Unification as the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont is to Italian Unification. These two territories were ruled by the House of Savoy.

Peter Tchaikovsky

The Russian composer of "1812 Overture" and "The Nutcracker" ballet. Most well known of the russian romantic composers. perhaps the most gifted european composers in the creation of beautiful melodies.

Treaty of Adrianople, 1829

The Turks agreed to submit to the terms offered by England, France, and Russia. Recognized Greek independence.

William Wilberforce

The main force behind the abolition of Slavery in the British Empire. He was the MP who consistently pushed this issue but was more a result of popular pressure created by women's abolition societies, freed slaves, and other organizers.

Greek Revolution

The revolution begins in 1821. The Greeks were trying to seek independence from the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman empire was a part of the european power structure.

Reform Bill of 1832

This law doubled the number of voters, eliminated rotten boroughs, and shifted representation in the government toward the northern part of the country. The House of Lords disapproves of much of these actions, but the Commons gains supremacy over them by getting the King to agree to create more seats in the Lords' Chambers. Through the bill, Britain begins a trend of releasing popular tension through reform before its government faced rebellion.

Carlsbad Diet, 1819

This was created in 1819 by Klemens von Metternich which cracked down on liberalism in universities and drove liberalism and nationalism underground. It severely limited intellectual freedom through repression at universities. Students were inspired to rebel and they were crushed.

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

This was the gathering of a pro-liberal crowd in 1819 listening to anti-Corn law only to be attacked by the police and be press brought under more firm control and mass meetings were abolished. Protesters to the corn laws were suppressed.

Nationalism

Turn cultural unity into political unity. To be the greatest country in the world. Free from external control. Supported by liberals. Belief that a certain self-defined people should govern itself with its own historically sanctioned boundaries.

Socialism

Utopian socialists of the early 19th century believed in helping the laboring poor, denounced the individualist philosophy of capitalism and sought to create a cooperative utopian society. Believed in unrestricted competition and free markets were destructive to the lower class.

Otto von Bismarck

Willhelm appointed him. He was a member of the landowning Junker aristocracy, to the position of Chancellor. He was a tireless defender of the nobility, but he recognized the necessity of compromises in the modern state: "One must always have two irons in the fire" As a leader you must give yourself options and a back up plan. To prevent the threat of revolutionary change from the socialists, and win working class support, Bismarck implemented landmark social legislation that created the world's first welfare state.

Kaiser Willhelm I

William I became Emperor of Germany (Kaiser Willhelm). emperor of Germany, crowned at Versailles.

"June Days" Revolution

Worker groups in Paris rose up in insurrection. They said that the government had betrayed the revolution. Marked beginning of class warfare in France between the bourgeoisie and the working class.

February Revolution

Working class and liberals unhappy with King Louis Phillipe and Francois Guizot (who opposed electoral reform). Reform banquets used to protest against the King Paris Banquet banned Troops open fire on peaceful protesters Barricades erected Nation guard was made up of the lower middle class

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Wrote What is Property in 1840 and answered by saying that it was theft. Profit was stolen from workers- labour was the source of all wealth. He wanted special banks to loan capital to workers. Unlike other anarchists, he feared the state and rejected violence.

Conservatism

a reaction to liberalism and a popular alternative for those frightened by the violence, terror and social disorder of the French Revolution. Klemens von Metternich of Austria was a conservative. Conserve traditional forms of government, order, tradition and monarchy and established religion. Political and social power prioritized.

kleindeutsch plan

a unified Germany without Austria was seen as the most practicable means of unification among Prussia

Earl Grey

a whig, begins a series of important reforms, Most importantly, the reform bill of 1832. This law doubled the number of voters, eliminated rotten boroughs, and shifted representation in the government toward the northern part of the country. The leader of the Whigs, who helped Britain form a government by replacing "rotten" boroughs (ones with few voters) with representatives for unrepresented cities, increasing number of voters 50%, and forcing the passage of the reform bill by threatening to reform the House of Lords.

Ems Dispatch

a. Bismarck sought to provoke a war with France in order to further unify Germany and annex Alsace and Lorraine b. This, Bismarck boasted that a French diplomat had been kicked out of Germany c. An infuriating France declared war against Germany

John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859)

celebration of individuality and no conformity, rejects attempts through legal coercion or social pressure to change peoples opinions and behavior

Grimm's Fairytales

collection of German folk stories The Grimm brothers, Jakob and Willhelm, were influenced by Herder's views about preserving songs and sayings of German culture. Provides a strong example of how German nationalism and romanticism were tied together.

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

deeply influenced by philosophy of Rousseau and the spirit of the early French Revolution. IN 1798, both poets published Lyrical Ballads, one of most influential literary works in the history of the English language.

Giuseppi Verdi

greatest Italian opera composer Works: Ernai, Macbeth, Rigoletto, II Trovatore, La Traviata, Sicilian Vespers, A Masked Ball, The Force of Destiny, Aida, Otello, Falstaff

Anton Dvorak

introduced to african american and native american music while in US, once Wagner came to Prague to conduct a concert of his works and Dvorak played the viola in it.

Second French Republic

led by liberal Alphonse Lamartine (allied with bourgeois). After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown.

Klemens von Metternich

represented Austria Epitomized conservative reaction, opposed to the ideas of liberals and reformers because of the impact such forces would have on the Hapsburg Empire.

Reichstag

the parliament of Germany before 1945. Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag. Bicameral legislature created and forms the Reichstag which is the upper house of the parliament. The upper house is chosen by the local government.

sturn and drang

used by German romantics in 1770s and 80s conveying emotional intensity.