chapter 21: Europe 3.0
Atlantic and Indian ocean basins; spread Roman Catholic Christianity and profit from commercial opportunities; Portuguese; Atlantic exploration and search for alternate sea routes of Asian markets; Henrique the Navigator; Ceuta; Madeiras and Azores Islands; sugarcane
As Chinese fleets explored Indian ocean, European mariners prepared to enter _____. Unlike Zheng He, europeans ventured in desire to ______. ____ merchants were prominent in trading circles, and fishermen had tradition of seafaring on Atlantic Ocean. Building on that experience, Portuguese mariners emerged as early leaders in ______. In 15th century Prince _____ embarked on campaign to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese influence on seas. He watched Portuguese forces take over ___ and regarded victory as blow against Islam and enabling Christian vessels ton move freely between Mediterranean and Atlantic. Following that capture, Henrique encouraged mariners to venture into Atlantic, where they discovered ______ which they colonized. They tried to occupy Canary Island, but was already claimed by kingdom of Castile. They later discovered Cape Verde Island, Fernando Po, São Tome, and Principe off west African coast. These island had fertile soil so Portuguese bean to cultivate ______ there in collaboration with Italia investors.
disease; Asia, Europe, and North Africa; decline significantly and abruptly in much of the world; little ice age; decline in agricultural production
As Eurasians traveled long-distances, they also helped ____ to spread. While diseases broke among previously unexposed populations, they often disrupted whole societies and during. In 14th century, the bubonic plague erupted in _____ until 17th century. About 1300, a process of climate change caused temperatures to _____. For more than 500 years, Earth experienced a _____. Cooler temperatures led to _____ and therefore famine and starvation. In some lands, agricultural production ceased to exist.
China and western Europe; foreign merchants to trade; Quanzhou and Guangzhou; refurbished the navy; 7; impose imperial control over foreign trade and impress foreign people
As the eastern hemisphere returned to order, and sought to revive long-distant networks, ______ tried the hardest. In Ming dynasty china accommodated foreign traders and mounted naval expeditions. Europeans ventured into Atlantic Ocean. After the Mongols, the Chinese were not comfortable with outsiders yet, but they permitted _______ and closely supervised ports of _____, where they obtained silk, porcelain in exchange for gems, pearls since, cotton, and exotic products. The Ming emperors also ______ and allowed merchants to participate in overseas trading ventures to Japan and southeast Asia. For almost 30 years, the Ming sponsored a series of __ expeditions to establish Chinese presence. Emperor Yongle organized it for 2 purposes: _______. He might had wanted to expand tributary system as well to lands in Indian Ocean Basin.
disease; Yunnan region of southwestern China; bacillus; Mongols; China's interior; Hebei; 2/3 of population
As they struggled to cope with cooling climate, peoples in eastern hemisphere encountered a new challenge in the form of ____. Bubonic plague spread from ______. The plague ____ infects rodents and fleas transmit the pathogens from one rodent to anotehr, and if rodent population declines, fleas seek other hosts and sometimes spread to humans. In early 14th century, _____ helped spread plague from Yunnan to _____, an epidemic 1331 that killed 90 percent of the populaiton in ___ province in northeastern China. During 1350s, epidemics broke out in scattered regions of China and the plague carried _____ in afflicted areas.
major trading cities; Baghdad; Cairo; Kilwa; Timbuktu; strategic location, good order, and no excessive fees; Melaka
As trade increased, _____ did as well. Khanbaliq, Samarkand, _____, _____, Alexandria, ____, Constantinople, Venice, ______ and others had large communities of foreign merchants. When a port city had ______, it could become a major emporium. ____ was founded in 1390s and became the principal clearinghouse of trade in eastern Indian Ocean. The city patrolled the strait of Melaka and maintaned a safe market and levied reasonable fees. By end of 15th century, Melaka had a population of 50,000 people.
Ibn Battuta; Islamic; Muslims educated in law; sultan of Delhi; Maldive islands; cover their breasts
Best known of the Muslim travelers was ____. ____ leaders governed most lands he visited- India, Maldive islands, Swahili city-states, and Mali empire- but there were little ______. Ibn became a qadi to ____ while supervising affairs of wealthy mosque, and heard cases at law. He obtained a post as qadi in ____ as well, where he heard cases a law and promoted proper observance of Islam. He ordered lashings on those who did pray on Friday, and attempted to persuade women to ______. In east and west, he offered advice on government, women's dress, and proper sex relationships.
disrupted societies and economies; caused labor shortages and social unrest; higher wages; left their homes in search of better conditions; froze wages; moving to regions where landlords offered better terms; mounted rebellions; 17th century
Bubonic plague _____, as it killed young, weak, and old in high numbers and spared no class. All classes of social order fell and this _____. In Western Europe, urban workers demanded ____ and many _____. Political authorities ___ and forbade workers to leave their homes, and peasants in the countryside sought to improve their life by _____ to which landlords restricted their freedom to move and reimposed labor requirements. Laborers and peasants in turn _____ that rocked towns and countryside of Western Europe. By _____, the plague lost its ferocity, and epidemics were more sporadic.
Yuan dynasty; financial mismanagement; factions and assassinations; Buddhist monastery; rebellion forces that toppled the Yuan dynasty; Hongwu; Ming dynasty; 1644
By 14th century, the ____ in China was having difficulties as ____ led to economic difficulties, and political conflict led to ____ among the Mongols. In 1368, as the plague raged, the Yuan dynasty collapsed and the Mongols departed China and returned to the steppes. Increasing birthrate replenished numbers and political recovery accompanied demographic rebound. After the dynasty fell, the governance returned to Chinese hands and the new emperor came from a poor family. Orphaned, he entered a _____ to assure food, clothes, and shelter and because of his size and strength he came to the notice of his military commanders. He made his way through all the ranks to lead ______, and in 1368 he became emperor ____ and proclaimed the ____, that lasted until ___.
strengthened their societies; powerful monarchies; finance; taxes; large standing armies; state funds
By 15th century, regional states in Western Europe _____ and some laid the foundations for the emergence of _____. The state-building efforts involved two important elements. The first was the development of fresh sources of ____, usually through new ____ levied directly on citizens and subjects, which supplemented the income that rulers received from their subordinates. The second was the maintenance of ______, which since the hundred years war, was composed of mercenary forces and equipped with gunpowder weapons, supported by _____.
reconsider medieval teachings; dedicate their lived to prayer, and glorification of god; lead morally virtuous life while participating in affairs of the world; urban and commercial society of Renaissance Europe; eastern hemisphere; artistic production; Giovanni Pico della Mirandola; oration on the dignity of man; too little information
Classical Greek and latin values encouraged humanists to ______, and medieval moral philosophers taught than most honorable calling of monks and nuns was to ______. Humanists demonstrated it was possible to _________. They argued it was honorable to enter into marriage and relationships and offered defense for those who rejected seclusion in favor of active life. Humanists moral though represented effort to reconcile Christian values and ethics to ________. Renaissance art and thought also reflected the affairs of ______. Merchants linked Europe to larger economy, and Europeans experienced increased prosperity that enabled them to invest in _____. Painters filled their canvases with silk garments, vessels, spice Jairs, exotic animals and peoples. Princes and wealthy patrons commissioned many paintings. Italian humanist ______ best reflected the enthusiasm of scholars to understand the world beyond Western Europe. In the ______ by Pico, he made an effort to harmonize the teachings of Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and other mystical traditions. He was unsuccessful for he had ______, but his book gave voice to desire of many European scholars of the time.
military and naval technology; over neighbors; Rennaisance; rebirth; 14th-16th; greek and roman; simplicity
Competition between European states led to small-scale wars, which encouraged development of ______. As states sought technological advances _____, it encouraged refinement an improved of weapons, ships, and sails. Thus, technological innovations strengthened European armies as they began to venture unto the large world. Demographic recovery and state-building in Europe went along with a flowering period known as the _____, meaning ____. It refers to period of artistic and intellectual creativity in _____ century. Painters, sculptors, and architects drew inspiration from _____ artists and admitted the realism of sculptures rather than aesthetics. They also admired the _____ of architecture and humanists looked to classic rather than medieval literary models.
regional states; European politics; German princes and Italian city-states; kingdom of Granada; France and England; hundreds year war; Kiev; power vacuum
Demographic recovery in Europe strengthened stare as it did in China, except political authority rested in ______. By 15th century, states in Italy, Spain, France, England, and Russia decided government technique that grew their power. During later Middle Ages, internal problems as well as plague complicated _____. Holy Roman Empire survived in name, but mid-13th century effective authority lay in ______. In Spain, descendants of Muslim conquerors held _____ in southern portion of the Iberian peninsula. The kings of _____ fought continually over lands claimed by both and their hostilities resulted in the _____, a series of intermittent campaigns in which the warring factions fought for control of the lands in France. Russia had more problems, as in 1230s Mongol armies conquered commercial center of ____, and descendants of Genghis Khan extracted tribute from Russia 250 years and in 15th century gave rise to ______.
enourmous expenses of the hundred years war; levy taxes and assemble armies; salt; hearths; standing army; King Louis XI; edge over subordinates
During 14/15th century, Italian administrative methods made their way beyond the alps and because of the ______, France and England kings began to _____. The French kings taxed sales, hearths, and ___, and England kings taxed ____, individuals, and plow teams annually. Rulers in both lands asserted the authority of the central government over the nobility. English kings did not establish _____, but they were able to raise forces when rebellion threatened public order. In France, ____ mounted permanent army of 15,000 troops, many equipped with firearms. Because the expenses of maintaining forces was beyond means of nobility, Louis and successors had ______ seeking to challenge local authority or build power bases.
west African; gold and slaves; increasing its volume and sending them to new destinations; Atlantic Islands; servants in Europe; 12M slaves
During 15th century, series of Portuguese fleets also explored _____ coast. Originally they traded guns, textiles, and manufactured items in return for ___. Portuguese trades took advantage to African commerce in slaves and changed the nature of slave trade by ______. By mid-15th century, they dispatched thousand of slaves annually and delivered most of their human cargo on plantations in _____, where slaves worked as laborers though some worked as _____. The use of African salves became common and they delivered _____ to north America, south America, and Caribbean region.
1340s; central Asia; Caffa and Tana; Italian merchants fled plague-infected ports and spread the disease throughout Mediterranean basin; west Europe; buboes; 'Black Death'; 60/70%;
During ____ Mongols, merchants, and travelers spread disease along trade routes west of China. It thrived in oasis and trading cities of _____ where domestic animals and rodents were in large amounts. By 1346 it reached Black Sea ports of _____, and in 1347 ______. by 1348, the plague had spread to ____. Victims developed inflamed lymph nodes, and most died within a few days. Internal hemorrhaging often discolored inflammations known as ____, giving rise to term bubonic. Because of black/purple swellings, europeans referred to plague as ______, It typically killed ____ of its victims and in some small towns, the diseases wiped out the entire populations.
eliminate all traces of Mongol rule; confucian education and civil service systems; centralize authority more tightly than ever before; executed; abolished the minister position
Hongwu set to _______, and establishing a traditional Chinese government. Like the founders of earlier dynasties, Hongwu had little interest in scholarly matter, but he established ______ to ensure supply of talented officials and bureaucrats. He also moved to _____, and in 1380, when he suspected his chief minister in the involvement of treason, he ___ him and his bureaucratic allies and ______. From that time on, Mong emperors ruled directly.
mongols; Song and Abbasid; irrigation systems; faced less risks in the silk roads; demands for foreign commodities
In Middle Ages of 13th century, the _____ caused disruption in Eurasia, particularly in China and southwest Asia. Mongol forces toppled _____ empires, and Mongol conquests started a long period of economic decline, as conquerors took over cities and let ____ die. As the Mongols took hold of their empire, they laid a foundation for trade. Merchants _____, and strong economies in China, India, and Western Europe fueled ______.
Scandinavia; northernmost parts of Europe; India; 91M; 105M; sub-saharan Africa; east Africa; 85M; 75M; 100M; 79M; 66M; 81M;
In some parts, the disease did not impact as much. The long, cold winters of _____ discouraged rodents and fleas so the _____ escaped the disease. For unknown reasons, ___ also avoided as their population grew from ___ in 1300 to 97M in 1400 and ____ in 1500. _____ also escaped along with Great Lakes region of ____. In lands hit hard, it took a more than a century to recover. In 1300, China's population was at ____ and in 1400 it was ___, a century later it rebounded to ___. Europeans also suffered as their population was at ___ in 1300, dropped 25% to ___ in 1400 and in 1500 climbed to ___. Islamic societies in Southwest Asia, erupt, and North Africa also suffered population loss and took much longer than China and Europe to recover. (Egypt took until 19th century.
Sufi missionaries; India, Southeast Asia, and sub-saharan Africa; continuance of belief on local gods; crusaders; converts in large numbers; eastern; Mongols and Chinese; Roman Catholic services
Islamic values aspired not though legal scholars, but also through ______. In period of 1000-1500, sufis converted lands in _____. They did not insist on strict, doctrinal understanding, but rather piety and devotion to Allah. They also allowed ______. With their flexible approach, they spread Islam without the resistance doctrinal campaigns provoked. Roman Catholic missionaries also worked, as they accompanied the ____ to all lands where Europeans extended their influence. In lands where European conquerors had long-term presence (Baltic islands, Balkhan regions, Sicily, and Spain) they attracted _____. In ___ Mediterranean, Christianity remained a minor faith. The most ambitious missions were to convert the _____, in where no European had vented until 13th century (except for Nestorian christians). As more Europeans traveled to China, the communities created a demand for _____, which is where most priests went.
exchanges between different societies; Muslims performers; Muslim and Jewish; magnetic compass; Citrus fruits, and Asian rice; cotton
Long-distance travel of all kings encouraged ______. Songs, stories, religious ideas, philosophies, and sciences all passed among travelers. The troubadours of Western Europe drew on _____, and European scientists consulted their _____ counterparts in Sicily and Spain to understand the natural world. Technologies and agricultural diffusion also occurred, in which technology facilitated long-distance travel. The _____ invented in China during Song/Tang Dynasty spread throughout Indian Ocean. The compass allowed mariners to sail over water safely. Long-distance journeys also allowed Muslim travelers to spread food crops. ______ went to west Africa and ______ as well, which grew wealthy in savannas and boy 1500 became principal textile in sub-Saharan Africa.
overland silk roads; sea lanes of Indian Ocean; silk roads; trans-Saharan caravan routes; Indian ocean basin trade
Merchants engaged in long-distance trade relied on 2 networks of trade. Luxury goods of high value, such as silk textiles and stones, traveled by ______. Bulkier goods, such as steel, coral, and building materials, traveled _____. The _____ linked all Eurasia and _____ drew west Africa into large economy. The _____ sea lanes connected Southeast Asia, Arabia, and easy Africa while connecting to China, Korea, and Japan. Therefore the land and sea routes together connected the whole eastern hemisphere.
gunpowder technologies; Chinese military engineers; catapults and trebuchets to put gunpowder bombs into cities; Mongol Russia; China to Europe
Mongols also contributed to diffusion as they spread _____ west from China. Mongol invaders learned about it form _____ in 13th century, and incorporated gunpowder-based weapons in their arenas. Early as 1214, Chinggis Khan's armies had artillery unit, and during 1250s they campaigned in Persia and southwest Asia and used _____. Muslim armies soon copied. By 13th century, gunpowder reached Europe, possibly by ____. Europeans began to experiment with gunpowder-fueled rockets and by 14th century, armies from _____ possessed primitive cannons and they were powerful enough to blow holes into walls.
sugarcane; abbasid; introducing European crusaders with crystallized sugar; slave laborers; Muslim war captives and black Africans.
Muslims also spread ____, which began large-scale cultivation in Southwest Asia and North Africa during ____ caliphate. After 12th century, Muslims facilitated the spread of sugarcane by _____, which they had little access to before. They immediately appreciated and Italians began to plans sugarcane on Mediterranean islands such as Sicily, Cyrus, Crete, and Rhodes. The increasing demand for refined sugar encouraged investors to seek locations throughout Mediterranean basin and the cultivation had deep effects. European producers staffed their plantations with _____ and growth of plantations fueled demand for _____
Ibn Battuta; 1304; Tangier; Muslim; 44; 117,000 km
One of the greatest travelers was _____, born in ___ in _____ he was a _____. In 1325 he made a hajj and arrived in Mecca in 1326. He then went to Mesopotamia and Persia, and traveled through Red Sea and East African coast. By 1330 he returned to Mecca, and learned the sultan of Delhi was awarding rewards to foreign scholars, and set for India, arriving in 1333. For the next 8 years he served as a qadi int the government of Muhammad Ibn Tugluq and in 1341 Ibn was sent to China, though stopped by a storm. During his travels, Ibn traveled the equivalent of ___ modern countries and went more than ______, his accounts stand with Marco Polo's books.
humanists; classical models; deeply committed to Christianity; Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam; Greek New Testament; scholastic theologians; Florentine Francesco Petrarca; Byzantine scholars
Scholars and literary figures down as _____ also drew from _____, the term humanist represented scholars interested in humanities, but had nothing to do with the anti religious humanists of today. On the contrary, renaissance humanists were ______, and worked to prepare accurate texts and translations of New Testament and other important writings. Most notable was _______ who in 1516 published first edition of _____ along with revised latin copies and annotations. Other humanists drew from moral standards of early Christianity and promoted them in their societies. Humanists scorned writings of _____, preferring elegant and polished language of greek and roman authors and church fathers. Humanists such as ______ traveled throughout Europe searching for manuscripts of classical works. In monastic libraries of Italy, Switzerland, and southern France, they found many Latin writings medieval scholars overlooked and during 15th century, they met _____ and enlarged body of greek and latin work available.
Mongol power decreased; grand princes of Moscow; Moscow on Volga River; Grand Prince Ivan III; stopped paying tribute to Mongol khan; Muscovy; Novgorod; Hanseatic league; Poland and Lithuania; 1478; Byzantine empire; tsar/czar; imperial status
State-building took place in Russia as well, after 14th century, as ______, Russian princes sought to expand their territories. The most successful were _____, and as early as 14th century the princes began process of 'gathering Russian land' by gathering territories surrounding the town of ______. In 1480, _______, Ivan the great, ______, in effected declaring independence from Mongol rule. He then made Moscow the center of large state. His territory, _____, tripled in size, as he Brough Russian-speaking people into his realm. The most important edition was the city of _____, a trade center and part of ___. It was an autonomous city-state that government its own affairs with council and the city's merchants had ties to ____. Ivan wanted to make sure Novgorod's prosperity didn't benefit neighboring states, and he demand the city acknowledge his authority. After crushing an uprising organized by merchants, he ended the city's independence in ___ and absorbed it into Muscovite state. With the aid of Novgorod's wealth, I can was able to build a centralized state modeled on _____, and he even called himself _____, a Russianize form of word caesar, which signified ______.
absolute obedience; mandarins; ensure local officials implemented imperial policy; challenge ruling houses; servants whose fortunes relied on emperor's favor would world harder to advance the emperor's interests; Manchu invaders; Qing dynasty; 1911
The Ming emperors insisted on ______, and they relied heavily on _____, a special class of officials sent as emissaries to ______. They also turned to eunuchs for governmental services. Earlier Chinese emperors, as well as rulers of other lands, relied on eunuchs because they could not generate families and build power bases that might ______. Ming emperors relied on those even more, as they hoped that _______. The employment of mandarins and eunuchs enhanced the authority of central government and the tightly centralized administration in Ming dynasty continued for 500+ years. Although the dynasty fell in 1644 to _____ who created ______, the Manchus retained the administrative framework which survived until Qing fallout in ___
ilkhan of Persia; 1287; Rabban Sauma; France and England; Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295
The Mongols tried to cooperate against as the _____ planned to invade Muslim-held Southwest Asia, capture Jerusalem, and crush Islam in ___. In hopes of attracting support, he dispatched _____, Nestorian Christian priest born in Mongol capital of Khanbaliq, as an envoy to Europe. He met with the kings of _____, the pope, and high officials of the Roman Catholic church. He was welcomed nicely but did not attract support. A few years later, ______, closing any opportunity of alliance European and Mongol alliance.
Marco Polo; Niccolo and Maffeo Polo; captured and made a prisoner of war during conflict between Venice and Genoa; wrote a book that quickly spread through Europe; participate in this trade
The best-known long-distance traveler is _____. _____were among the first Europeans to visit China, and between 1260-1269 they traded through Mongol lands and met Khubilai Khan. When they returned to Khubilai in 1271 with Marco Polo, he Khubilai took a liking to him. Marco was a great storyteller and Khubilai allowed him to pursue his mercantile interests in China and sent him on diplomatic missions. After 17 years in his empire, Khubilai granted him permission to leave, and they arrived in Venice in 1295. After his return, Marco was ____. While imprisoned, he told tales of his travels and one listener was a writer, who _____. Marco's stories deeply influenced European readers, as he told them of textiles, spices, gems, and other goods and Europeans took note of this, eager to _____. After the Polos, many Europeans came to China, mostly Italian whose travels increased European participation in eastern hemisphere.
Sharia; Conversions to Islam; educated Muslims in Islamic law; instill Islamic values
The expansion of Islamic influence in eastern encouraged political travel. Legal scholars and judges played crucial role in Islamic societies, as ____ prescribed religious and social observances in accordance to the Quran. _____ and the establishment of Islamic states in India, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa created demand for _______. After 11th century, dedicated Muslims from Southwest Asia and north Africa revealed to recently converted lands to _____.
1405-1433; Zheng He; 317; 28,000; southeast Asia, India, and Ceylon; east African coast; silk, porcelain; Buddha, Allah, and Vishnu
The expeditions took place ____, and leading them was admiral ____, Muslim from Yunnan. He embarked each voyage with fleet of vessels accompanied with armed forces, on the first voyage, his fleet consisted ____ ships with almost ____ armed troops. May vessels were nine-masted trader ships with 4 decks, as well as stored of cargo. On the first 3 voyages, his fleet went to _____. On the fourth he went to Persian gulf and Arabia and later ventured into _____. Through his travels he dispensed gifts of Chinese _____, and received rich and unusual presents such as zebras and giraffes from Africa. He payed respected to local deities and in Ceylon, recited a monument in honor of _____.
John of Montecorvino; Franciscan; 1291; archbishop of Khanbaliq; New Testament and book of Psalms into Turkish; churches; baptized them; Scandinavia; Spain; distant for resources available
The most active Roman Catholic missionary in China was _____, an Italian _____ who went to China in ___, became first _____ in 1307 and died there in 1328. While serving Christian community in China, he also seeked converts, translated _______ and built several ____ in China. He took young boys from Mongol and Chinese families, ____, and taught them Latin and Roman Catholic rituals. He baptized 6,000 people by 1305 and invited the great khan to convert. Roman Catholic authorities in Europe dispatched many other priests and missionaries to China, but they had little success. Missions established Christian communities in ____, eastern Europe, ____, and Mediterranean island conquered from Muslims, but East Asia was too _____. Asians already possessed sophisticated religions and cultural traditions, and Christianity had little appeal.
Spain; Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile; standing army; Catholic kings; reconquista; Italian peninsula; Asian markets
The process of state-building was most dramatic in ____, where marriage of _______ united the two realms. Receipt form sales tax, primary source of royal income, supported ____. Under Fernando and Isabel, called ______, Christian forces finished _____ by conquering Granada. They also protected their authority beyond Iberia, and when French army threatened kingdom of Naples, their seized southern Italy, By 1559 Spanish forces established power in most of the ______. The rulers also sought to make a place for Spain in _____ by sponsoring Columbus' quest.
Italy; industrial production and trade; officials; military forces; levying taxes; authority
The state-building process began in ____, where profits from ______ enriched major cities. The principal Italian states- Milan, Venice, Florence, papal state, and Kingdom of Naples- needed large numbers ____ to administer their affairs. They also needed access to ____ that could protected their interests. Beginning in the 13th century, the Italian city-states funded their needs by _____ and using long-term bonds that they repaid from treasury receipts. With fresh sources of finance, the states strengthened their _____ within their boundaries and between the public affairs in the peninsula.
Christopher Columbus; west to Asian markets; Catholic kings Fernando and Isabel; 1492; San Salvador in Bahamas; markets of China and Japan; 15th century
While Portuguese seafarers wanted route around Africa, Genoese mariner ______ wanted to sail _____, and because geographers knew nothing of the Americas they assumed his plan would not lead to profitable trade. After the king of Portugal declined him, the ______ agreed to underwrite and voyage. In ____, Columbus and his fleet of 3 ships, after repair in Canary island, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and landed in _____. He returned to Spain without the gold, silk, and spices he respected but he thought he reached the _____. He made 3 more voyages to the Caribbean region, but he never knew he did not reach Asia. New of his voyages spread and by the end of _____, mariners realized that the Western Hemisphere was a world apart from them.
economic recovery from nomadic rule and plague; rebuild irrigation systems that fell into disrepair; porcelain, lacquerware, and cotton/silk textiles; trade with other lands; Japan and Southeast Asia; signs of nomadic occupation; confucian and Neo-confucian schools; Yongle; Yongle encyclopedia
While building centralized administration, Ming emperors also worked towards ______. Rulers conscripted laborers to ______ and agriculture surged. At the same time, they promoted the production of ____. Rulers did no actively promote ________, but private Chinese merchants eagerly sought commercial opportunities, as they traded with ______. Domestic trade also surged in China. The Ming dynasty also sponsored cultural revival, and emperor Hongwu tried to eradicate all _____ by discouraging use of Mongol names and Mongols clothes. Rulers promoted Chinese traditions, particularly _______. Hongwu's successor, ___, organized a vast encyclopedia that compiled all Chinese world, this ______ ran almost 23,000 scrolls. The government originally planned to use a printed edition but abondoned the project.
Asian silk and spices; avoid Muslims and Italians; sea lane around Africa and into Indian Ocean; Bartolomeu Dias; Cape of good hope; Vasco de Gama; Monsoon winds; dominated trade in Europe and Asia; cannons; enough ships
While some Portuguese mariners traded in west Africa, other wanted to trade _____, so there sought to find a way to ________. Toward the end of 15th century, they began to search for a ________. By 1488, ______ sailed around ____ and entered Indian Ocean, though his crew forced him to return home immediately. His voyage proved it was possible, and in 1497 ______ departed and after rounding cape of good hope, he found a Muslim pilot that showed him how to take advantage of _____ to sail across Arabian Sea to India, and in 1498 he arrived in Calicut and in 1499 he returned to Lisbon with pepper and spices. During following ventures, Portuguese merchants and mariners ____, and they attempted to control and shipping in Indian Ocean. Their ships were armed with _____, which out-powered all other other ships, They did not have _____ to police the entire ocean however, but they represented beginning of European imperialism in Asia.
diplomacy; shrink from violence when necessary to impress; pirates; Ceylon; 30 states; pay their respects; end the expeditions; agriculture; mounted military threat; destroyed nautical charts
Zheng He sought to latin his goals through ____, and for the most part he did not use his armed troops. But he did not ______, and he ruthlessly suppressed ____ that plagued the Chinese and southeast Asian waters. He interviewed in a civil disturbance to establish authority in ___ and made displays of military force in Arabia and East Africa. The 7 expeditions established Chinese presence in Indian Ocean and on 4th voyage, Zheng brought back envoys from ____ who traveled to China to _____. Suddenly, in 1433, Ming emperor decided to ____ and confucian ministers who mistrusted Zheng and eunuchs who supported voyages argued that resources would go to better uses in ____. During 1420s and 1430s the Mongols ____. Therefore in 1433 his 7th voyage was the last one though Chinese merchants continued to trade. Imperial officials _____ and gave up any plans of Chinese presence in Indian Ocean, therefore Chinese craftsmen forgot how to build ships.
Merchants; Italian; trust their Chinese subjects; Yangzhou; Mongols and Western Europeans; revive crusades and recapture Jerusalem; Pope Innocent IV; Europeans submit to Mongol rule of face destruction
____ were the most avid readers of Marco Polo's stories. Marco collaborated closely with ____ merchants while in China, and his experiences shed light on long-distance travel for political and diplomatic purposes. Mongol rulers of China did not _____ and appointed foreigners for administrative posts. Marco was appointed governor of _____ and he represented Khubilai's interests on diplomatic missions. The 13th century was a time of active diplomacy between _____, as they allied against their Muslim foes. European Christians sought to _____ and Mongols were attacking Abbasid empire. During 1240-1250s _____ sent envoys to ask the Mongols to convert to Christianity and join Europeans against the Muslims. The Mongols declined, and proposed that the ______.
Italian; human form; Leonardo da Vinci; 3 dimensions; Michelangelo; natural poses; Greece and Rome; dome; Filippo Brunelleschi; Florence
_____ city-states also sponsored Renaissance innovations in art and architecture, and Italian artists studied the ____ and represented emotions, painters such as Masaccio and ______ relied on technique of linear perspective to represent ____ and sculptors such as Donatello and _____ sough to depict their subjects in _____. Architects designed buildings in simple, elegant style from classic ______. Their most impressive construction was the ____. Romans had built domes, but their technology did not survive their collapse. Inspired by the pantheon, a 2nd century Florentine architect ________ reinvented equipment and designs for large domes, he created a cathedral in _____, and residents of Florence took his dome as a symbol of the city's wealth and leadership in artistic affairs.