Chapter 21

Which of the following would cause a temporary increase in arterial blood pressure? Check all that apply.

-Decreased blood volume -Decreased cardiac output -Vasodilation

Please check all that cause an increase in coronary blood flow.

-Epinephrine stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors. -Increased vasoconstriction during exercise promotes coronary vasodilation.

Check all that are true statements regarding hypertension.

-Most people who have hypertension have secondary hypertension. -Low levels of aldosterone secretion are associated with hypertension.

Put the events of fetal circulation into the correct order, beginning with oxygenated blood.

...

Edema can be caused a result of which event(s)?

All of the aboveDecreased plasma protein concentration, causing a decrease in osmosis of interstitial fluid into capillaries. Obstruction of lymphatic vessels, blocking lymphatic drainage. Increased tissue protein concentration, causing a decrease in osmosis of interstitial fluid into capillaries. All of the above. Hypertension, causing an increase in tissue fluid at the arteriolar ends of capillaries.

All of these factors determine mean arterial pressure EXCEPT

All these help

The vessels that are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart are

Arteries

The ___________ equals the HR X SV X PR.

Cardiac output

Check all that could potentially result in an increase in arterial blood pressure.

Decrease in peripheral resistance

The kidneys help regulate blood volume by increasing or decreasing the amount of urine produced. If a person is dehydrated, there is a(n) _____________ in plasma osmolality, which causes a(n) ____________ in ADH production, stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb water from the filtrate.

Decrease, increase

As the veins become larger in diameter, their total cross-sectional area __________ and the velocity of blood flow __________.

Decrease; Increase

____________ are powerful vasoconstrictors, and _______________ also increases heart rate.

Epinephrine and angiotensin II; epinephrine

1. Compliance is the tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure decreases.

False

1. During exercise, resistance to flow in the viscera and organs decreases, causing an increase in blood flow to these areas.

False

2. Blood vessels with a large compliance exhibit a small increase in volume when the pressure increases a small amount.

False

2. Precapillary sphincters relax as the tissue concentration of nutrients, such as oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, increases.

False

4. Total cardiac output increases, but stroke volume always remains the same.

False

Chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor blood carbon dioxide and pH.

False

Heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation.

False

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.

False

All these can lead to edema except

Hyperproteinemia

___________________ shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration.

Hypovolemic

Which of the following will not increase the heart rate?

Increase blood pressure

During exercise, the rate of venous return of the blood ___________, causing a(n) _____________ in stroke volume.

Increase; increase

Atrial natriuretic mechanism

Long term regulation

CNS ischemic response

Long term regulation

Fluid shift mechanism

Long term regulation

Renin-angiotensin-aldosteron mechanism

Long term regulation

Stress-relaxation response

Long term regulation

The ___________ equals the HR X SV X PR.

Mean arterial pressure

Chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor blood carbon dioxide and pH.

Medulla Oblongata

Adrenal medullary mechanism

Short term regulation

Baroreceptor reflexes

Short term regulation

CNS ischemic response

Short term regulation

Chemoreceptor reflexes

Short term regulation

The sum of all the vascular resistances within the systemic circulation is called the _______________.

Total peripheral resistance

1. It is ___________ that cerebral blood flow is almost exclusively regulated by intrinsic mechanisms (autoregulation).

True

1. Local control of blood flow is achieved by the periodic relaxation and contraction of precapillary sphincters regulating blood flow through the tissues.

True

2. During exercise, resistance to flow in skeletal muscles increases.

True

3. The changes in resistance to flow in the viscera and organs help cause an increase in blood flow to the skeletal muscles.

True

3. Vasodilator substances are produced in the extracellular fluid as the rate of metabolism increases.

True

3. Venous compliance is approximately 24X greater than arterial compliance, so as venous pressure increases the volume of veins greatly increases.

True

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes increased heart rate and stroke volume.

True

_______________ does not contribute to venous return.

Widespread vasodilation

Older individuals are more likely to develop a condition called a(n) _____________, where part of the arterial wall thins and balloons out.

aneurysm

Baroreceptors are located in the...

aorta and carotid arteries.

Blood pressure is highest in the ___________ and lowest in the _____________.

arteries closest to the heart; veins

A short-term response to a drop in blood pressure would involve

baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and aorta detect the decrease.

This figure shows changes in blood pressure relative to distance from the heart. What would be the approximate blood pressure in a blood vessel leaving the stomach for a person lying on her back (not standing)?

below 20 mm Hg

In both pulmonary and systemic circulation, gas exchange occurs at the:

capillaries

Arteriole vasoconstriction _____________ blood flow into the capillaries, while arteriole vasodilation _____________ blood flow into the capillaries.

decreases, increases

1. Parasympathetic effects on cardiac rate and contractility include __________ the rate of contraction, and ____________ the strength of the contraction.

decreasing, no effect on

Degenerative changes in arteries that make them less elastic is known as __________, or the hardening of arteries.

elastic fragmentation

In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by

failure of the venous valves.

The tunica __________ consists of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel.

media

The vasomotor center of the __________________ controls blood vessels throughout the body.

medulla oblongata

All of the following are types of capillaries EXCEPT

metarterioles

A long-term response to an increase in blood pressure would involve

stimulation of the atrial myocardium increases atrial natriuretic hormone.

A mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 60 mmHg can cause _____, whereas a MAP above 160 mmHg can cause _____________.

syncope; cerebral edema

These are all vessels of the lower limb except

the anterior interosseous artery

This is the longest vein, and portions of this vein are commonly used as grafts in coronary bypass surgery.

the great saphenous vein

The most important force in venous flow is

the pressure generated by the heart.

Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via...

the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along...

the vagus nerve.

The velocity of blood flow decreases when

viscosity increases.