Chapter 22
Mycetoma is
A subcutaneous infection that looks like a tumor.
Amphotericin B is an over-the-counter drug to treat athlete's foot.
False.
Fungi cannot be found growing in nutritionally poor and adverse conditions.
False.
Skin testing with antigen is used to diagnose ringworm.
False.
Sporotrichosis is associated with soil high in pigeon droppings that is introduced into subcutaneous tissue.
False.
The most common route of transmission for true pathogenic fungi is ingestion of spores.
False.
Thermal dimorphism is associated with opportunistic fungi and never seen in true fungal pathogens.
False.
Tough, warty verrucous lesions are seen in patients with tinea versicolor.
False.
The nodular, tumor-like fungal growths seen in certain chronic lung infections are called _____.
Fungomas.
Which of the following is a rare mycosis caused by a mold commonly found in soil, in dairy products, and on the human body?
Geotrichosis
Alternative names for Blastomyces dermatitidis include
Gilchrist's disease.
Which antifungal drug inhibits cell division of the fungus?
Griseofulvin
Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton
Have reservoirs that include humans, animals, and soils.
Which is incorrect about histoplasmosis?
Histoplasmosis never spreads to sites outside the respiratory tract.
All of the following pertain to coccidioidomycosis, except
The pathogen grows best in soil with bird and bat guano.
Which of the following is/are true of cryptococcal meningitis?
The pathogen usually enters the body via the respiratory route. It is most often seen in patients with AIDS. The pathogen can be detected in CSF specimens by negative staining.
The primary portal of entry for fungal infections is
The respiratory tract.
Adding salt and sugar can control the growth of certain bacteria but not fungi.
True.
All fungi are heterotrophic and can break their substrates down by secreting enzymes.
True.
Blastomycosis begins as a respiratory infection that can spread to the skin.
True.
Dermatophyte spores can survive for years on fomites.
True.
Fungal spores are common allergens that cause hypersensitivities.
True.
Most mycoses are not communicable.
True.
Patient's with madura foot develop swollen, ulcerative, tumor-like skin lesions called mycetomas.
True.
Sabouraud's dextrose agar is a lab medium for supporting growth of fungi.
True.
The cell-mediated immune response appears to play a more significant role in antifungal defenses than does the antibody-mediated immune response.
True.
Trichophyton species infect hair, skin, and nails, whereas Microsporum species infect hair and skin but not nails.
True.
During a visit to her doctor, a woman pointed out a red rash that occurred just under her breasts. The doctor collected a scraping of the affected area, suspended the scrapings in potassium hydroxide, and then examined it microscopically. Upon viewing, she detected budding yeast cells and pseudohyphae. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Yeast infection - candidiasis
Rhizopus, Absidia, and Mucor are mold genera that cause the disease called _____.
Zygomycosis.
Candidiasis includes
All of these choices are correct.
Cryptococcosis can include
All of these choices are correct.
Dermatophytoses are
All of these choices are correct.
Pneumocystis jirovecii
All of these choices are correct.
Transmission of tineas include
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following are likely to predispose patients to fungal infections?
All of these choices are correct.
Amphotericin B, nystatin, and the imidazoles are all
Antifungal drugs.
This organism commonly contaminates grains, corn, and peanuts and produces a potent mycotoxin called aflatoxin?
Aspergillus flavus
Decaying vegetation, such as piles of leaves and compost matter, allows growth and transmission of
Aspergillus.
The terms used for the four general types of fungal infection include the following, except
Blood-borne.
Oral thrush is caused by
Candida albicans.
All of the following are dimorphic, true fungal pathogens except
Candida.
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Causes Gilchrist's disease and Chicago's disease.
All of the following areas are subject to intertriginous infections, except
Chest.
A 42-year-old male construction worker in southern Arizona developed a cold-like illness, experiencing a chronic cough, chest pain, headaches, and general fatigue. When the symptoms did not abate after several weeks, he visited his physician who ordered microscopic examination and culture of his sputum specimen. Direct microscopic exam demonstrated the presence of large spherule structures full of endsospores. The specimen was cultured at both 25°C and 37°C. The plate incubated at 25°C grew tan colonies with a fluffy white center. Examination of these colonies microscopically showed branching septate hyphae. As the culture matured, the hyphae fragmented into arthrospores. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Coccidioidomycosis.
Ben, a 17-year-old wrestler, developed a lesion on his upper back. The lesion was relatively round and consisted of a pink scaly rough center and raised edge. While it wasn't painful, the itching was bothersome to the young man. His coach advised him to see his doctor about the lesion. Upon visiting his physician, a scraping of the affected area was collected and placed in a drop of KOH, then examined under the microscope, revealing slender fungal hyphae. A culture was inoculated, which grew a spreading flat fuzzy colony after 10 days of incubation at 30°C. Microscopic examination of the culture demonstrated the presence of both macroconidia and microconidia. What is most likely his diagnosis?
Dermatophytosis.n
The ability of a fungus to grow as a yeast or a mold depending on its environmental temperature is called
Dimorphism.
Which of the following provides information about the nature and potential cause of a fungal infection the most quickly?
Direct examination of fresh specimens (wet mounts, KOH preps, brighteners)
The highest incidence of histoplasmosis in the United States occurs in the
East and Midwest.
Paracoccidioides is
Endemic to regions of Central and South America.
Which of the following appears to play the least significant role in antifungal defenses in humans?
IgG antibodies
Chromoblastomycosis
Is caused by saprobes with dark-pigmented mycelia and spores.
Which is incorrect about Sporothrix schenckii?
It causes a superficial cutaneous infection.
Characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum include
It grows in moist soil, rich in nitrogen from bird and bat guano.
All of the following pertain to Candida albicans, except
It has a large capsule.
Which of the following is incorrect about sporotrichosis?
It is also known as valley fever.
Cryptococcus neoformans has the following characteristics, except
It is commonly found in the human mouth, intestines, and genitalia.
Which is incorrect about tinea versicolor?
It is often transmitted by fomites.
Dermatophytes digest the protein _____, found in the skin, hair, and nails.
Keratin.
Fungi that exhibit thermal dimorphism grow as _____ at 30°C and as _____ at 37°C.
Molds; Hyphae.
Diseases caused by fungi are termed _____.
Mycoses.
_____ are superficial mycoses that cause white masses or dark masses to develop on the hair shaft.
Piedras.
This opportunist is the most frequent cause of life-threatening pneumonia in AIDS patients.
Pneumocystis jirovecii.
Serious mycoses treated with amphotericin B include all the following, except
Pneumocystis pneumonia.
The routes of entry for most fungi into the body are
Respiratory and cutaneous.
The typical transmission of dimorphic fungi is inhalation of _____.
Spores.
Aspergillosis includes all the following, except
There are no effective drugs to treat the infection.
All of the following are fungal allergies, except
Thrush.
Which is mismatched?
Tinea capitis - ringworm of the beard
Which is incorrect about chromoblastomycosis?
Treatment is with pentamidine.