Chapter 22 homework

What is the specific site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

alveoli

Which statement is correct?

in the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells - when oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries, it enters a red blood cell and binds to hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells

Voice sounds are produced by the _____.

larynx - the larynx houses the vocal cords.

The ____________ and the ____________ are commonly known as the voicebox and windpipe, respectively.

larynx; trachea

Can you match the following terms about gas exchange to their descriptions?

1. A [respiratory surface] is usually a thin, moist layer of cells that provides a large surface area for gas exchange with the environment. 2. Gas exchange between an organism and its environment takes place by [diffusion]. 3. Earthworms are [skin-breathers] --their entire outer body surface functions in gas exchange. 4. Aquatic animals often exchange gases through [gills], which are extensions of the body surface. 5. [Tracheal systems] are the respiratory structures of insects. These networks of finely branched air tubes extend throughout the body, allowing for gas exchange directly with body cells. 6. Most terrestrial vertebrates have [lungs], which are internal, subdivided sacs lined with moist epithelium. 7. Except in insects and some small or very thin animals, gases are transported through an animal's body by a [circulatory system].

Oxygen transport

1. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries 2. Oxygen enters a red blood cell 3. Oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin 4. Oxygen carried through blood vessels to a capillary 5. Oxygen diffuse from the blood to the body's tissues

Interactions Between the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Can you match the terms to their definitions? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. The [circulatory system] transports substances to all cells of the body. 2. The [respiratory system] serves to exchange gases with the environment. 3. Tiny sacs in the lungs involved in gas exchange are called [alveoli]. 4. The protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells is [hemoglobin]. 5. The gas [oxygen] is inhaled and transported to the cells of the body; it is required for normal cellular function. 6. The gas [carbon dioxide] is a waste product of cellular respiration and is exhaled into the environment. 7. Cells produce [ATP] via the process of [cellular respiration] which is used to power cellular activity.

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.

nasal cavity - the functions of the nasal cavity are to warm, filter, and humidify air.

Which of the following molecules is needed for cellular respiration to occur?

oxygen - oxygen is required to produce ATP and carbon dioxide (as a byproduct) via cellular respiration.

Which of the following is an example of how the circulatory and respiratory systems work together?

oxygen from the air we breathe is transported to skin cells by the blood - the circulatory system and respiratory system interact to ensure that every cell of the body exchanges gases with the environment.

Which of the following options correctly lists the sequence of structures that air passes through during breathing after it enters the mouth and nose?

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

The word respiration has more than one meaning to a biologist. Which of the following statements correctly describes how biologists use the term respiration.

respiration, the act of breathing, refers to gas exchange between cells and the environment; cellular respiration refers to chemical changes within the mitochondria that produce ATP for cellular work

Which of the following statements about gas exchange reflect the common theme of structure-function correlation? Select all that apply.

the circulatory system is composed of vessels that travel all throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products a dense web of blood vessels surrounds the surfaces of the lungs to transport gases between the lungs and the blood the lungs provide a large, moist surface for gas exchange

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract - the contraction of these muscles causes air to enter the lungs.

Which of the following statements about the interactions between the circulatory and respiratory systems is/are true? Select all that apply.

the interactions between alveoli and capillaries allow for gas exchange to occur the ability of oxygen to be carried in the blood is largely mediated by the presence of the protein hemoglobin - oxygen from the air we breathe is delivered to blood in capillaries from the alveoli in the lungs. oxygen binds to the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells so that it can be transported to the cells of the body.

Gas exchange requires movement of oxygen (O2), needed for cellular respiration, from the environment to your cells and carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product, from your cells to the environment. Drag the labels to fill in the flow chart.

Air in the environment O2-laden air is in haled and enters the lungs O2 diffuses into the blood O2 binds to hemoglobin in RBCs, which transport O2 to tissues O2 enters cells within tissues CO2 leaves cells within tissues CO2 diffuses into and dissolves in the blood CO2 is transported by the blood to the lungs CO2-laden air is exhaled (back to) Air in the environment

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.

acidic - if not carried by hemoglobin, hydrogen ions would reduce the pH, or increase the acidity, of the blood.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

alveoli - alveoli are tiny sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries. the alveoli are where oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood.

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) - most carbon dioxide released from body tissues combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then breaks up into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in gas exchange?

bind oxygen for transport through the blood - the primary function of hemoglobin is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the cells. hemoglobin is a protein composed of four subunits, each of which can carry an oxygen molecule. red blood cells are filled with approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules. binding oxygen to hemoglobin molecules enables the blood to carry much more oxygen than is possible if oxygen were simply dissolved in the plasma.

Asthma causes constriction of the tiny air passages in the lungs, otherwise known as the __________.

bronchioles

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.

combined with hemoglobin - in the blood most oxygen is transported attached to hemoglobin.

Contraction of the _____________ causes expansion of the lungs.

diaphragm