Chapter 22: The Integumentary System

A patient who has a shiny bump with a pearly edge has which type of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma

Herpes zoster

Choice, Caused by the varicella virus, this is responsible for causing chickenpox and shingles. Caused by the varicella virus, this is responsible for causing chickenpox and shingles.

herpes simplex

Choice, The most common types are 1 (occurring above the waist) and 2 (occurring below the waist). The most common types are 1 (occurring above the waist) and 2 (occurring below the waist).

Folliculitis

Choice, This condition is commonly known as "swimmers rash," and inflammation of the hair follicles is a classic sign. This condition is commonly known as "swimmers rash," and inflammation of the hair follicles is a classic sign.

Which of the following structures are contained in the dermis?

Collagen fibers Hair follicles Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Arrector pili muscles

Which accessory organ of the skin, located in the dermis below the shaft, is the site at which a hair emerges?

Follicle

Which of the following is an inflammation of the hair follicles?

Folliculitis

Which of the following are characteristics of warts?

Harmless growths can occur anywhere on the body. Removal can be achieved through surgery or by laser methods. Treatment includes OTC medications, freezing, and burning. Their cause is viral. Their appearance varies; they can be flat, smooth, raised, dark, large, or small.

Which of the following are layers of the skin?

Hypodermis Epidermis Dermis

Bulla

Large blister or cluster of blister; primary

Dermis

Lying below the epidermis is the dermis. The dermis is living tissue that binds the epidermal top layer to the underlying subcutaneous tissue layer. As living tissue, the dermal layer includes all major tissue types, as well as: -Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues - Sudoriferous (sweat) glands - Sebaceous (oil) glands - The arrector pili muscles - Collagen fibers, elastin fibers, nerve fibers, and many blood vessels.

Sudoriferous Glands

Most sudoriferous glands are located in the skin's dermis. However, their ducts open onto the skin's epidermis. There are two types of sweat glands: Eccrine glands are the most numerous sweat glands. They produce a watery type of sweat and are activated primarily by heat. Once sweat is deposited onto skin, it evaporates and carries heat away from the body. Eccrine sweat glands are most concentrated on the forehead, neck, and back. Apocrine glands produce a thicker type of sweat that contains more proteins than the type of sweat produced by eccrine sweat glands. Apocrine glands are most concentrated in areas of the skin with coarse hair, such as the armpit and groin areas. They become active during puberty and are primarily activated by nervousness, pain, and stress but can also be activated by heat.

petechiae

Pinpoint skin hemorrhages resulting from a bleeding disorder; vascular

Which of the following is NOT a form of skin cancer?

Small cell carcinoma

From which layer of skin are fingernails and toenails derived?

Stratum corneum

Which of the following are features of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum Melanocytes Keratinocytes Stratum basale

skin color

The amount of melanin in the skin's epidermis is what determines skin color. Melanin can range in color from yellowish to brownish. The more melanin a person has in the skin, the darker the skin color. All people have about the same number of melancocytes, regardless of skin color. What varies from person to person is how active the melanocytes are in producing melanin. Another factor that determines your skin color are the genes passed down from your family and the amount of oxygenated blood in the skin's dermis. Oxygen is carried by a pigment called hemoglobin in the red blood cells (RBCs)

Functions of the Integumentary System

The system serves many important purposes including: - Protection from bacteria, viruses. underlying structures from (UV) radiation and dehydration. - Body temperature regulation - Vitamin D production from absorbing sunlight - Sensation; the skin in packed with sensory receptors that can detect heat, pain, touch, and cold. - Excretion. Small amounts of waste products, such as water and salts, are lost through skin when a person perspires. This is why hydration is important when exercising or exposed to high temperatures.

Which of the following statements are true regarding the sudoriferous glands?

The two types of sweat glands are eccrine and apocrine. The majority of the sudoriferous glands are located in the dermis. Apocrine glands are most concentrated in areas of skin with coarse hair, such as the armpit and groin. Apocrine glands produce a thick, protein-based sweat. Eccrine glands are most numerous of the 2 types.

A ringworm is

a fungal infection, commonly occuring in three forms: body, scalp, and feet.

Medications given in the subcutaneous area are given in ______ tissue because this is where the medication is best absorbed.

adipose

Skin Lesions

are classified into three major categories: 1. Primary lesions such as macules and vesicles originate from disease or body changes 2. Secondary lesions, which include ulcers and keloids, are caused by a reaction to external traumas such as scratching or rubbing, some are caused by healing processes, or they also may be caused by primary lesions. 3. Vascular lesions are anomalies of the blood vessels and include telangiectasias, which are small, dilated blood vessels on the skin's surface; hemangiomas, which are benign blood vessel tumors; and ecchymoses, commonly called bruises.

Initially in skin healing, a blood clot forms and is replaced by a scab, which is eventually replaced by ______ fibers to bind the edges of the wound together.

collagen

The Lunula

contains very active keratinocytes and is a white, half-moon-shaped area at the base of the nail.

Injured skin is inflamed and looks red because the nearby blood vessels

dialate

The integumentary system consists of skin and accessory organs which are:

hair follicles sebaceous glands nails sudoriferous glands

What are the skin's accessory organs?

hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, nails, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.

Vasodilation of the blood vessels in the skin

increases heat loss.

Epidermis (top layer)

is the most superficial layer of the skin that is made up of many layers of tightly packed cells and can be divided into two major sublayers: the stratum corneum and the stratum basale. The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer of the epidermis. Most of the cells in this layer are dead and flat. Because they have accumulated a tough protein called keratin, the cells in this layer stick together and form an impermeable layer of skin, Most bacteria, viruses, and water cannot penetrate the stratum corneum. The stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. The cells in this layer are constantly dividing, which pushes older cells up toward the stratum corneum. The most common cell type in this epidermis is the keratinocyte. This cell makes and accumulates keratin, which makes the epidermis waterproof and resistant to bacteria and viruses. Another cell type of the epidermis is the melanocyte, which makes the pigment melanin. Melanin is deposited throughout the layers of the epidermis. This pigment absorbs UV radiation from sunlight and prevents the radiation from harming structures in the skin's underlying layers. The amount of melanin inherited in combination with sun exposure is responsible for the freckles that appear after sun exposure.

The more ______ in skin, the darker it is.

melanin

Sebum is an

oily substance produced by sebaceous glands

Subcutaneous Layer

or hypodermis, is largely made up of adipose and loose connective tissues. Like the dermis, the subcutaneous layer also contains blood vessels and nerves. The adipose, or fat, tissue acts as a storage facility. It also cushions and insulates the underlying structures and organs. The amount of adipose tissue varies from body region to body region and from person to person.

Nails

protect the ends of the fingers and toes. They are formed by epilithal cells.

purpura

purple-red bruise, usually the result of clotting abnormalities; vascular

The _____ of a burn indicates the thickness of the injury.

severity

Another name for the stratum basale is the

stratum germinativum

Tumor

swelling or abnormal growth; primary

In the rule of nines, all areas of the body are equal to 9% except for the genitals and the ventral and dorsal areas of the

trunk.

Ulcer

wound resulting from tissue loss; secondary