Chapter 22.4 - 22.8
What can serve as costimulation of lymphocytes. Select all that apply.
Combining of surface molecules between the lymphocyte and another cell Release and binding of cytokines the surface of the lymphocyte
What region of an antibody molecule that determines its class?
Constant region
Identify the typical requirements for the production of an immune response by either T or B cells. Select all that apply.
Costimulation Recognition of an MHC-II/antigen complex
Identify interactions between cell mediated immunity and innate immunity. Select all that apply.
Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate inflammation. Cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate phagocytosis. Macrophage of innate immunity present antigens to helper T cells.
______ T cell is the class of T cells that is directly responsible for the cell-killing activity of a cell-mediated immune response.
Cytotoxic
What specific cell type is the effector cell for cell-mediated immunity (i.e., the cell type that destroys the antigen-containing cell)?
Cytotoxic T cell
Lymphocyte activation requires the ability for the lymphocyte to ______. Select all that apply.
recognize an antigen increase in number
The primary lymphatic organs include ______.
red bone marrow and thymus
MHC-II
Enhance responses of other immune cells
True or False: The region of an antibody molecule that determines its class (IgG, IgM, etc.) is the antigenic determinant region.
False
True or false: Antibodies directly attach to and destroy their antigens.
False
True or false: T cells can be directly activated by unbound antigens encountered in the body.
False
Memory B cells respond to an antigen during a ______ immune response.
secondary
A self-cell with MHC class ______/antigen complex on its surface can activate T cells, leading to destruction of the self-cell.
I
Antigens produced within a cell (such as viral proteins made within a virally-infected cell) are displayed on the cell surface by MHC class ______ molecules.
I
Antigens can be presented to helper T cells by B cells when the antigen is paired with an MHC ______ molecule.
II
B cells can display antigens for helper T cell activation when the antigen is paired with an MHC _____ molecule.
II
MHC class - molecules are found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
II, 2, ii, two, or ll
Passive natural immunity includes the immunoglobulin ______ crossing the placenta, and ______ secreted in breast milk.
IgG, IgA
Identify examples of cytokines. Select all that apply.
Interferon Interleukin Perforin
The antigen presenting cells of the skin are called ______.
Langerhans cells
The dendritic cells of the skin are also called ______.
Langerhans cells
Identify the basic functions of cytotoxic T cells. Select all that apply.
Lysing of cells Secretion of cytokines
T cell activation results when a foreign antigen, presented with a self _____ protein, is presented to the T cell for binding and recognition.
MHC
During a secondary response, what cell type responds to the exposure to the antigen?
Memory B cells
Where do you find MHC class II molecules?
On the surface of antigen-presenting cells
An MHC class II/antigen complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) binds to a T-cell receptor. What results from this interaction?
Other immune cells are stimulated to respond to the antigen
Negative selection
Prevents autoimmune diseases
positive selection
Promotes cells capable of producing an immune response
Exemplify active artificial immunity.
Receiving a shot that contains dead viruses for whooping cough
Exemplify passive artificial immunity.
Receiving tetanus immunoglobulins
What can serve as costimulation of lymphocytes. Select all that apply.
Release and binding of cytokines the surface of the lymphocyte Combining of surface molecules between the lymphocyte and another cell
Characterize lymphotoxins.
Secreted by cytotoxic T cells and kills target cells
Prior to antibody production by plasma cells, which must occur? Select all that apply.
Some activated B cells convert to plasma cells Helper T cell binds to MHC class II/antigen complex on B cell B cell proliferates in response to cytokines B cell binds to, endocytotizes, processes, and presents antigen
MHC-I
Stimulate destruction of cell
The function of thymosin, the hormone produced by the thymus gland, is to ______.
stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes
An antigen is a substance that ______.
stimulates an adaptive immune response
What cells are activated by a self-cell with MHC class I/antigen complex on its surface?
T cells
Lymphotoxins are secreted by _____ cells. They function by _____.
T cytotoxic, lysing target cells
The primary cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are ______ cells, while ______ cells are the primary cells involved in antibody-mediated immunity.
T, B
The thymus is the site of maturation of ______ cells (lymphocytes). The ______ cells (lymphocytes) mature in the bone marrow.
T, B
List the actions of the cell-mediated immune response. Select all that apply.
Targets tumor cells Responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions Targets intracellular microorganisms
Define tolerance.
The state when lymphocytes are unresponsive to a specific antigen.
Indicate the statement that correctly describes a clone of lymphocytes.
They all have the same antigen receptor.
True or False: MHC Class I molecules are displayed on many more cells types than MHC class II antigens.
True
True or false: All cells in a lymphocyte clone have the same antigen receptor.
True
Many individuals receive a flu shot each year. The flu shot contains dead viral antigens. Once a flu shot is received, individuals will produce antibodies against those antigens in approximately two weeks. This is an example of ______ immunity.
active
An individual develops a cold from a co-worker. This is an example of ______ immunity.
active natural
When an individual is exposed to an antigen that stimulates an immune response it is referred to as _______ immunity; however when an immunity is transfered from one organism to a nonimmune individual it is referred to as ______ immunity.
active, passive
An overreaction to a foreign antigen is an ______.
allergic reaction
An allergic reaction is ______.
an overreaction to an antigen
Extracellular proteins that are produced during an immune response and bind to antigens, aiding in their destruction or neutralization, are called ______.
antibodies
A(n) - -mediated immune response is effective against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins when they are outside the cell..
antibody
A(n) ______-mediated immune response is effective against extracellular antigens.
antibody
The mechanisms by which antibodies (Ab) can inactivate or affect the functioning of antigens (Ag) include ______. Select all that apply.
antibody/antigen bonding causes activation of complement cascade antibody binding causes clumping or precipitation of antigens by binding to two separate antigens antibody/antigen binding causes inflammation antibody binding to antigen, blocking its ability to function
A substance that stimulates an adaptive immune response is a(n) - .
antigen
Cells that display a foreign antigen along with a MHC-II molecule in order to display the antigen to other immune cells is called a(n) ______.
antigen presenting cell
Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?
antigen presenting cell
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are all examples of ______.
antigen presenting cells
What type of cell can phagocytize foreign antigens and then put pieces of the antigens on their surface?
antigen presenting cells
In order for lymphocytes to be activated against a specific antigen, the lymphocyte must be able to recognize the ______ and ______ in the number of lymphocytes.
antigen, increase
MHC class II molecules are found on ______.
antigen-presenting cells
The specific region of an antigen that is recognized by a lymphocyte is called a(n) ______.
antigenic determinant
Antigenic determinant sites are found on _____.
antigens
The hormone, produced by the thymus, that stimulates T-cell maturation is - .
thymosin or thymopoietin
Pre-B cells mature into B cells within the ______. Pre-T cells mature into T cells within the ______.
bone marrow, thymus
Initiation of an immune response typically requires ______.
both the recognition of an MHC-II/antigen complex and costimulation.
Viral infection triggers a(n) ______-mediated immune response
cell
Intracellular antigens are predominately targeted by ______ immunity.
cell mediated
T Cells are the primary cells involved in _____ immunity.
cell-mediated
A group of identical lymphocytes, all of which target the same antigen, is called a(n) ______.
clone
The term - refers to a group of identical lymphocytes, all of which target the same antigen.
clone
The region of the antibody indicated in the figure is the ______ region.
constant
Release and binding of cytokines to the surface of a lymphocyte or interaction between surface molecules of two cells can function in ______ of lymphocytes.
costimulation
The lymphocytes that lyse cells and produce cytokines are _____.
cy
Perforin, tumor necrosis factor, the interferons, and the interleukins are examples of ______.
cytokines
Compare the roles of MHC proteins in stimulating immune responses. MHC class I with a bound antigen binds to a T-cell receptor and ultimately results in ______. MHC class II with a bound antigen binds to an antigen receptor and results in ______
destruction of cell, stimulation of response(s) by other immune cells which destroy antigen
Normally the first type of lymphocyte to proliferate is during a response to an antigen is the ______.
helper T cell
Antibodies are found ______.
in body fluids outside of cells.
The role of plasma cells in adaptive immunity is ______.
to produce antibodies
The state of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen is called ______.
tolerance
The area of the antibody indicated in the picture is the ______ region.
variable
The region of an antibody molecule that binds to the - antibody's target antigen is called the region.
variable
The region of an antibody molecule that binds to the antibody's target antigen is called the - region.
variable
Cell mediated immune responses are triggered by _____ infections.
viral
When an individual is exposed to an antigen during the normal processes of everyday life it is referred to as _______ immunity; however when an individual is deliberately introduced to an antigen it is referred to as ______ immunity.
natural, artificial
The elimination of T and B cells that target self-antigens occurs through a process called ______ selection.
negative
MHC class I molecules are found on ______.
nucleated cells
Where do you find MHC class II molecules?
on surface of antigen presenting cells
An individual had been bitten by a venomous snake. He is given an antivenom that is antibodies against the poisonous venom. This is an example of ______ immunity.
passive artificial
The transmission of IgA from mother to baby during breastfeeding and the transmission of IgG from mother to fetus during pregnancy are examples of ______ immunity.
passive natural
The cells that produce antibodies are called ______ cells.
plasma
During the development of lymphocytes, some pre-T and pre-B cells survive and develop into cells capable of an immune response, this is referred to as ______ selection. However some cells are suppressed from responding to self antigens, this is referred to as ______ selection.
positive, negative
The purpose of an MCH II molecule/antigen complex is to ______.
present the antigen to an immune cell thus stimulating other cells to respond
Negative selection is the process that ______.
prevents development of T and B cells that target self-antigens
Red bone marrow and the thymus are examples of ______ lymphatic organs.
primary
Once a helper T cell has been presented with an antigen and costimulated the helper T cell will ______.
proliferate
Identify interactions between antibody mediated immunity and innate immunity.
Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate phagocytosis. Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate inflammation. Antibodies secreted in antibody mediated immunity stimulate the activation of complement.
Name some examples of antigen-presenting cells.
B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
Exemplify active natural immunity.
Being exposed to the influenza virus by a classmate that has the flu
Identify the purpose of the variable region of the antibody.
Binds to the target antigen
The cells that phagocytize foreign antigens, process them, and insert them on their cell membranes along with MHC class II proteins, are called - - cells.
Blank 1: antigen Blank 2: presenting