chapter 23-25 study guide

Which statement best describes what NSC-68 called for?

a) A sole reliance on nuclear weapons in order to spare conventional forces. b) A permanent military buildup and a global application of containment. c) Patience on the part of the United States in dealing with the Soviet Union. d) Limited strategic goals, confronting the Soviets only at key industrial areas. e) Limited strategic goals, confronting the Chinese only at key industrial areas. b

What did President John F. Kennedy have in common with his predecessor Dwight D. Eisenhower?

a) Both tended to view the entire world through the lens of the Cold War. b) Both came from Massachusetts. c) Both had been high-ranking officers during the U.S. invasion of France in World War II. d) Both preferred the challenges of domestic policy rather than foreign affairs. e) Both came from the conservative wing of the Democratic Party. a

Why did the United States continue to support South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem's corrupt and weak regime?

a) By 1963, Diem's forces had regained much of the Vietnamese countryside from the outnumbered Viet Cong. b) Diem had built a stable and broad base of support for his government using advice from American officials. c) Diem had the support of his people, which pointed to an eventual South Vietnamese victory over the communists. d) U.S. officials were caught by surprise when a military coup led to Diem's death. e) Presidents Kennedy and Johnson feared losing Vietnam to communism. e

Which statement about the Korean conflict is FALSE?

a) Chinese troops threatened to enter the conflict, but never did. b) The United Nations authorized the use of forces to repel the North Koreans. c) Truman removed General MacArthur from his command when he publicly criticized Truman. d) The war ended in a cease-fire, not with a formal peace treaty. e) General MacArthur argued for an invasion of China and for the use of nuclear weapons. a

Why was it inevitable that the United States and the Soviet Union would eventually come into conflict after the war ended?

a) FDR had privately urged his advisers that the wartime friendly relationship between both nations could never last. b) Exploitation of Iran's northern oil fields suggested the Soviet Union was already ahead of the United States in postwar economic development. c) It was clear as early as the Tehran conference that Stalin had never intended to follow through on any of the Grand Alliance agreements. d) The Soviet Union had not fulfilled its obligations from the Yalta Conference. e) Historically, both nations had never shared long-term interests or values. e

During the Bay of Pigs invasion:

a) Fidel Castro took over American landholdings. b) the CIA restored Fulgencio Batista to power. c) Eisenhower suspended trade with Cuba. d) a popular uprising of anti-Castro Cubans toppled Castro's regime. e) the CIA failed in its mission. e

After World War II, the only nation that could rival the United States was:

a) France. b) Great Britain. c) Japan. d) the Soviet Union. e) Germany d

The policy of "containment" can best be described as:

a) George Kennan's theory that the United States must pursue normal relations with the Soviet Union, or fail to contain Chinese postwar aggression. b) preventing the spread of communism worldwide. c) preventing the expansion of U.S. economic interests in Latin America to appease growing unrest in impoverished regions. d) a focus on the containment of further military conflict in the postwar world. e) Purging communism from labor unions. b

How could Birmingham police chief Eugene Connor have undermined Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy in Birmingham in May 1963?

a) He could have allowed the protesters to march unimpeded. b) He could have requested federal assistance from President John F. Kennedy. c) He could have requested the National Guard from the governor of Alabama. d) He could have organized a counter protest by the Ku Klux Klan. e) He could have arrested more of the protesters. a

Why did John F. Kennedy consider civil rights a moral crisis for the nation?

a) He found racial discrimination incompatible with the United States' claim for leadership of the free world. b) He considered civil rights an issue for women and gays as well as for African-Americans. c) He had personally witnessed the hardships of Jim Crow growing up. d) He did not think racial equality in the United States possible without reparations for slavery. e) He saw how racial tensions divided his own family. a

Which of the following was NOT true of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

a) Kennedy secretly agreed to remove American Jupiter missiles from Turkey. b) The crisis erupted after U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. c) The crisis was part of a dispute between the United States and the Soviet Union after a U.S. Navy vessel carrying nuclear warheads was intercepted off the coast of Turkey. d) The standoff brought the United States to the brink of nuclear war with the Soviet Union. e) Kennedy was appalled by military leaders who had discussed "winning" a nuclear war, prompting him to sign an aboveground nuclear test-ban treaty with the Soviets the following year. c

What event forced John F. Kennedy to take meaningful action in support of the civil rights movement?

a) March on Washington rally. b) King's demonstrations in Birmingham. c) Freedom Summer campaign. d) Selma-to-Birmingham March. e) Greensboro sit-ins. b

Who were the "Dixiecrats"?

a) Members of the Commission on Civil Rights. b) Southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the "States' Rights Democratic Party." c) Republicans who favored maintaining segregation in the South in support of the principle of states' rights. d) Southern labor organizers who campaigned against passage of the Taft-Hartley Act. e) Members of the national press corps who covered the story of Strom Thurmond's breakaway from the Democratic Party. b

The charges against which of the following organizations led to the downfall of Joseph McCarthy in 1954?

a) The Communist Party. b) The Voice of America. c) The State Department. d) The army. e) The Defense Department. d

Why did the United States allow West Germany to become part of a defensive alliance less than ten years after the defeat of Nazi Germany?

a) The United States had thoroughly "de-nazified" the country. b) The United States made this concession in order to win access to lucrative German consumer markets. c) East Germany had positioned nuclear missiles along the border to the west. d) The United States depended heavily on the expertise of German rocket scientists. e) The successful Soviet detonation of a nuclear bomb underlined the importance of a militarily united West. e

In what ways did the counterculture represent the fulfillment of the consumer marketplace?

a) The counterculture made mass consumption more affordable for college students. b) Members of the counterculture were the primary consumers of new technology. c) The counterculture revived the concept of free competition and innovation. d) The counterculture extended the privilege of consumption and leisure to the young. e) The counterculture extended the concept of individual choice into every realm of life. e

How had the political climate changed in the South during World War II in the early Cold War years?

a) The mass exodus of African-Americans for the West Coast and Northeast left the region almost exclusively white. b) In light of the fight against an enemy with a racial ideology, the states of the upper South abolished segregation and Jim Crow rule. c) The number of African-Americans in the region that were registered to vote increased sevenfold. d) The high concentration of prisoner-of-war camps in the region had made these southerners savvy in foreign affairs. e) The region's central role in the development of the atom bomb made it the capital of militant Cold War politics. c

On what grounds could foreign nationals apply for immigrant status in the United States after 1965?

a) Their family ties to U.S. citizens or other immigrants. b) Their anticommunist credentials. c) The color of their skin. d) Their experience in counterinsurgency operations. e) Their proficiency in English. a

Why did the African-American civil rights protesters that marched in June 1963 in more than 186 cities NOT try more deliberately to avoid arrest?

a) They had tried to avoid any encounter with the police as best they could. b) The very point of the protests was to illustrate the punitive nature of southern Jim Crow justice. c) Until that time, the police had had a reputation of being highly sympathetic to the civil rights movement. d) Most of the protesters came from privileged backgrounds and knew that they would get off easy. e) Too many police officers had infiltrated the civil rights movement. b

How did black organizations employ the language of the Cold War?

a) They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home. b) The NAACP in particular copied the tactics of communist strategists in labor organizations such as the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. c) Organizations such as the NAACP used phrases such as "freedom versus slavery" to rally support for desegregation. d) Most black activists shied away from any nod to Cold War language for fear of government reprisals. e) The NAACP adopted and translated slogans from the Soviet Union. a

How did the United States respond to Joseph Stalin's blockade around Berlin?

a) Truman put American forces on high alert and threatened atomic war if Stalin did not lift the blockade. b) Truman asked the United Nations to place an embargo on all goods going to the Soviet Union. c) Truman ignored it. d) American forces forced their way through the road blockade with a caravan of armored tanks. e) Truman ordered that supplies be brought to Berlin via an airlift. e

Organized labor emerged as:

a) a vocal critic of McCarthyism. b) a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War. c) a radical wing of the Communist Party. d) a militant group willing to fight the Red Scare. e) the best informants for the FBI and HUAC. b

The free speech movement:

a) began in Berkeley to protest a campus ban on political groups convening and distributing literature at a central meeting place. b) began in Port Huron to protest a campus ban on political literature. c) began in Los Angeles to protest a campus ban on political literature. d) had little support among college-age students at the time. e) failed in its efforts to establish free speech on college campuses. a

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring inspired the ___________ movement.

a) conservative b) feminist c) gay liberation d) Indian e) environmental e

In 1949, Mao Zedong:

a) cooperated with the Chinese nationalists. b) led a successful communist revolution in Taiwan. c) led a successful communist revolution in China. d) was an ally of the United States. e) represented the Chinese at the United Nations. c

The 1960 sit-in at Greensboro, North Carolina:

a) ended in a riot with ten injured. b) was staged in one of the most notoriously racist cities of the South, where angry residents remained deeply committed to the racial divide. c) sparked similar successful demonstrations throughout the South. d) encountered a harsh reaction from Greensboro's police force, which jailed the four ringleaders. e) did not end with integration of the Woolworth's lunch counter. c

To combat communism, one of John Kennedy's first acts was to:

a) establish the Peace Corps. b) call for a summit meeting between the two superpowers. c) increase military spending on ballistic missiles. d) suggest a ban on nuclear weapons. e) deploy combat troops to Vietnam. a

The impact of the Cold War on American culture was:

a) felt mostly in the cities. b) limited in scope. c) especially evident in the movies. d) widely criticized by the news media. e) discouraged in the public schools. c

In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan:

a) focused on the plight of working-class women. b) focused on the particular plight of black women. c) emphasized the role women played in the anti-war movement. d) emphasized the role of child-rearing for women. e) focused on the discontents of middle-class women. e

Japan's constitution, which Americans had written, provided for the first time in Japanese history:

a) freedom of speech. b) a written constitution. c) women's suffrage. d) freedom of assembly. e) procedural due process. c

The 1948 presidential race:

a) had Strom Thurmond as a close second to Harry Truman. b) was the last to occur before television forever changed campaigning. c) highlighted gender as a campaign issue for the Republican Party. d) ended the movement of southern Democrats into the Republican Party. e) was a three-way race. b

In 1966, the Supreme Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona that:

a) local elections could be monitored by federal officials. b) suspects could not refuse to cooperate with police. c) school prayer was unconstitutional. d) states must permit interracial marriage. e) those in police custody had certain rights. e

"Militant Liberty" was the code name for a national security agency that:

a) patrolled the border in search of illegal aliens. b) encouraged artists to paint work in a Norman Rockwell style. c) forced schools to fire teachers and professors suspected of teaching Marxist ideas. d) required labor unions to purge suspected communist leaders. e) encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies. e

To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department:

a) promoted the work of artist Norman Rockwell. b) sought to censor the work of painter Jackson Pollock. c) imposed artistic conformity. d) funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits. e) censored the work of modern artists. d

The "Iron Curtain":

a) separated the United States from the Soviet Union. b) divided North and South Korea. c) separated Japan from the rest of Asia. d) divided East and West Germany. e) separated the free West from the communist East. e

During Freedom Summer:

a) signers of the Southern Manifesto launched a campaign against integration. b) only black activists participated in the voter registration campaign. c) there was little violence. d) very few white college students participated. e) a coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi. e

All of the following statements about the Cold War's impact on American life are true EXCEPT:

a) the Cold War contributed to the dismantling of segregation. b) the Cold War promoted the rapid expansion of higher education. c) the Cold War reshaped immigration policy. d) Cold War policy supported scientific research in medicine and computers. e) Cold War military spending weakened the economy. e

Chicano farm workers found a powerful advocate in:

a) the bracero program. b) the Border Patrol. c) Carlos Bulosan. d) Mario Savio. e) Cesar Chavez. e

By 1968, the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam:

a) was of little concern to most Americans. b) was less than in 1965. c) was decreasing as the peace process accelerated. d) exceeded half a million as the war became more brutal. e) was reduced, as President Johnson considered running for another term. d

The Berlin Wall:

a) was torn down in 1989 by a group of Soviet protestors. b) was a temporary defensive measure enacted after a series of riots. c) became an unlikely symbol of hope that one day the Cold War would end. d) was erected in 1961 by the Soviets to stem the rising tide of emigration from East Berlin to West Berlin. e) was built with the cooperation of West Germany and her western allies, who sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union. d