Chapter 2/3

sovereignty

A key characteristic that defines a state, this is the ability of the state to carry out actions or policies within their territory independently from external actors or internal rivals.

state

According to Weber, a state is an organization that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory.

What do political scientists mean when we say that Pakistan's government may be "irrational"?

Because the government has failed to centralize authority, different segments of the state pursue contradictory and even competing goals.

unitary states

Countries like France, Japan, and China concentrate their power in the national government, and are thus examples of unitary states

________ rejects the ideas of individual freedom and equality, instead arguing that hierarchies of superior and inferior are inherent in all human relationships.

Fascism

To try to deal with its extreme diversity, India has created a system of asymmetric federalism, which has devolved power differently across its states. What has been one consequence of this decision?

It has created more opportunities for corruption.

Which of the following is true regarding citizenship?

It is a purely political identity, defining an individual's relationship with the state.

The nation-state is a state that claims to represent one dominant people and emphasizes the achievement of that one nation over others. Which European country was the first nation-state, that is, the first state to use intense nationalistic sentiment to unify and mobilize its population?

Napoleonic France

________ is a complex human organization; it is a collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations should be conducted.

Society

Which of the following is true regarding ethnicity?

There is no "master list" of differences that automatically define one group as ethnically different from another.

Former colonies threw off many aspects of colonial rule, but they have kept the essential elements of the state. In what ways is the experience of new states in former colonies fundamentally different than the experiences of older states?

They are seeking to develop state institutions with fewer resources and in a shorter time frame than early states did.

This philosopher believed that individuals created states as a way to escape from a brutal anarchy.

Thomas Hobbes

The major difference between radicals and liberals is that

radicals believe in dramatic change in the current political order; liberals believe in change, but within existing political structures.

According to Inglehart's research from the World Values Survey, the primary reason the Scandinavian countries score so highly on "secular-rational" values is that

a cultural heritage of Protestantism continues to shape their societal values.

The modern state and its economic and infrastructure developments allowed people to travel more freely, necessitating printed documents to help communicate over larger territories. This would help give rise to

an increasing sense of national identity.

Some countries - like Russia, India, and Spain - give certain regions within their country more powers than others. This system is known as

asymmetric federalism

The key difference between communism and social democracy (or socialism) is that

both theories strive for economic equality, but socialism accepts private ownership and market forces.

We expect "strong" states to carry out basic tasks such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy. The ability of the state to wield power to carry out these tasks is called

capacity

To successfully describe and compare the complexity of state power, political scientists go beyond classifying states as strong, weak, or failed, and instead evaluate them based on

capacity and autonomy.

What type of legitimacy depends on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader?

charismatic

While traditionally a unitary state, the United Kingdom has increasingly "sent down" power to its regional governments using a process known as

devolution

An ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state is called

fundamentalism

Which of the following is the least institutionalized concept - in other words, the one most prone to change?

government

Regarding political attitudes, a conservative is someone who

is skeptical of change and supports maintaining the existing order.

One advantage of the state was the ability to apply technological innovations. Rulers embraced technological advancement because

it was a means to expand a state's economic and military power.

States that possess both high capacity and low autonomy (like the United States) may also risk having

less adaptability, as they may be unable to develop new policies and respond to new challenges.

Regarding political ideology, ________ places a high priority on individual rights and freedoms and favors a limited state role in society and the economy.

liberalism

Which of the following ideologies would be labeled as a "conservative" political attitude in North America?

liberalism

Pride in one's people and the belief that they have their own sovereign destiny that is separate from others is called

nationalism

The key difference between ethnic conflict and national conflict is that ethnic conflict

occurs between ethnic groups to achieve political or economic goals; national conflict involves one or more groups striving for sovereignty.

This term describes a person's view on how fast and by what method politics should change in a society.

political attitude

A country's ________ determines which ideologies dominate a country's political regime.

political culture

In the United States, presidents who leave office generally cease to play any significant role in policy making. After all, it is not the individual leaders who are important, but the office they hold. This would be an example of what type of legitimacy in action?

rational-legal legitimacy

In the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, radicals would seek to transform or overthrow the current capitalist democratic order, perhaps replacing it with a system of greater social and economic equality. In China, the political attitude of people with a similar policy goal would probably be best described as

reactionary

This is the fundamental rules and norms of politics in a country. It embodies the long-term goals of freedom and equality as well as determining where power should reside and how it is used.

regime

Modern states adopted property rights because these laws

rewarded individual initiative and grew economies faster than feudal structures.

Patriotism is pride in one's

state

Recent empirical research regarding the rise of the state suggests that

states evolved out of tribal battles over territory and resources.

We often date state sovereignty as emerging during ________, because this marked the period when political authority was placed over spiritual power within each territory.

the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

To explain why ethnic and nationalist conflicts occur, a societal explanation would emphasize that it is due to

the number of ethnic groups in the society and their degree of integration or polarization.