Chapter 23

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Air filled blister on the lung ruptures

Traumatic Pneumothorax

Air enters through chest injuries (causes either tension of open)

Different Types of Pleural Effusion

1. Hydrothorax - accumulation of serous fluid (seen in CHF, renal failure, liver failure) 2. Empyema - Infection in the pleural cavity>Pus (debris from dead cells, protein, leukocytes) 3. Chylothorax - lymph/milky white (results from trauma, inflammation) 4. Hemothorax - Blood in the pleural cavity - chest injury/surgery (requires drainage) **Too much fluid in pleural cavity can cause separation of pleural membranes & cause collapsed lung>atelectasis

Open Pneumothorax

Air enters pleural cavity through wound on inhalation and leaved on exhalation. **Heart shifts towards unaffected lung on inhalation, then back towards effected lung on expiration. Mediastinal flutter impairs venous return**

Tension Pneumothorax

Air enters pleural cavity through wound on inhalation, but gets trapped and cannot leave through exhalation. **As air accumulates, compression of the unaffected lung occurs & causes mediastinum to shift to the opposite side. This compresses the vena cava & reduces venous return & CO** LIFE THREATENING

__________ is a leading cause of chronic illness in children and is responsible for a significant number of lost school days; it is also the most frequent admitting diagnosis in children's hospitals.

Asthma

Where is visceral pleura found?

Covering the lungs

A pleural __________ refers to an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.

Effusion

A pulmonary __________ develops when a blood-borne substance lodges in a branch of the pulmonary artery and obstructs the flow.

Embolism

What is COPD?

Group of chronic respiratory disorders resulting in progressive tissue destruction and obstruction of the air passages. 1. Emphysema 2. Chronic Bronchitis 3. Bronchiectasis

What is parietal pleura?

It lines the thoracic wall and superior aspect of the diaphragm.

Cor pulmonale refers to __________-sided heart failure resulting from primary lung disease and involves hypertrophy and eventual failure of that ventricle.

Right

A __________ pneumothorax, a life-threatening condition, occurs when the intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, permitting air to enter but not leave the pleural space.

Tension

What is the pleural cavity?

The space between the two layers (parietal & visceral) that contains a thing layer of serous fluid.

What is a pneumothorax?

When there is air in the pleural cavity >Air takes up space which restricts lung expansion

True or False? Both hypercapnia and hypoxemia will lead to respiratory failure if untreated.

True Rationale: In hypercapnia (PCO2 >50 mm Hg), tissues accumulate carbon dioxide; in hypoxemia (PO2 <60 mm Hg), less oxygen is delivered to the tissues. In both cases, gas exchange is impaired, and respiratory failure will result unless the conditions are corrected (with oxygen, mechanical ventilation, etc.).