Chapter 23 Respiration

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle. Tidal volume Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory capacity Inspiratory reserve volume

Tidal Volume

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? diaphragm and internal intercostals diaphragm and external intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique

diaphragm and external intercostals

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? acetylcholine (ACh) an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system histamine epinephrine

epinephrine

The technical term for quiet breathing is eupnea. shallow breathing. passive. hypoventilation. costal breathing.

eupnea

The number of lobes in the right lung is less than the number of lobes in the left lung. equal to the number of lobes in the left lung. greater than the number of lobes in the left lung.

greater than the number of lobes in the left lung.

What tissue type composes the structures colored blue in this image? hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium fibrous connective tissue.

hyaline cartilage

Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called diaphragmatic breathing. eupnea. costal breathing. shallow breathing. hyperpnea.

hyperpnea.

Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called lung cancer. ischemia. emphysema. hypoxia. asthma.

hypoxia.

Boyle's law of gases states that the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures. the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure. as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up. the pressure and volume of a gas are equal. if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? intrapleural pressure intrapulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to temperature. directly proportional to the volume of its container. inversely proportional to the volume of its container. directly proportional to temperature. always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs.

inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

Hemoglobin is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. is the site of cellular respiration. is found in blood plasma. has five subunits. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells.

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

What is the name of the structures projecting from the lateral surfaces of the nasal cavity that function to create turbulence and help humidify and warm the incoming air? nasal conchae nares nasal septum nasal vestibule

nasal conchae

The superior region of the pharynx is called the oropharynx. laryngopharynx. nasopharynx. superior nasal conchae. nasal cavity.

nasopharynx

The auditory tubes open into the nasal cavity. larynx. laryngopharynx. nasopharynx. oropharynx.

nasopharynx.

Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem. carbon dioxide carbon monoxide helium nitrogen oxygen

nitrogen

Very aggressive pathogens such as the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis can easily overwhelm the protective features of the respiratory system. Less aggressive pathogens may be stopped by all of the following EXCEPT __________. olfactory epithelium mucus film lining much of the respiratory tract alveolar macrophages air filtration in the nasal cavity

olfactory epithelium

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the nasopharynx. laryngopharynx. oropharynx. larynx. nasal cavity.

oropharynx

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the internal pharynx. esophageal pharynx. aeropharynx. oropharynx. nasopharynx.

oropharynx

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the larynx. trachea. pharynx. vestibule. glottis.

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces phonation. articulation. ululation. whistling. speech.

phonation

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the bronchioles. interlobular septa. spaces between the parietal and visceral pleura. terminal bronchioles. respiratory membranes of the alveoli.

respiratory membranes of the alveoli.

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of ciliated squamous epithelium. surfactant cells. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium.

simple squamous epithelium.

During inhalation, oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. the diaphragm relaxes. air moves up the trachea.

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Henry's law states that gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

Which of the following variables is NOT monitored by the medullary breathing centers? Choose the best answer. Blood acidity Air humidity Amount of stretch in the lungs Partial pressure of CO2

Air humidity

A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery. blood clots air bubbles masses of fat circulating objects in the blood All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme. can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. is in RBCs. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Carbon monoxide poisoning is possible because carbon monoxide binds readily with heme at very low partial pressures compared to those of oxygen. Besides partial pressure, what else determines the affinity of oxygen molecules for heme? temperature pH levels BPG concentration All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disorder in which the mucus escalator no longer functions because of the presence of excessively dense and viscous mucus. Which of the following components of the respiratory system are affected by cystic fibrosis? cilia goblet cells lungs All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Nose Trachea Bronchioles Bronchi Alveoli

Alveoli

Which breathing center promotes inhalation by stimulating the DRG? Choose the best answer. VRG Hypothalamus Apneustic center Pneumotaxic center

Apneustic center

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. 4.5 cm; 60-80 1.0 cm; 15-20 1.0 cm; 10-15 2.5 cm; 40-50 2.5 cm; 15-20

2.5 cm; 15-20

No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere ("P outside") and the lungs ("P inside")? Pressures cannot be determined from this information. P outside > P inside P inside = P outside P inside > P outside

P inside = P outside

Blood gas analyses provide diagnostic information regarding the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs and in peripheral tissues. Which of the following values are NOT within normal limits? PO2 in systemic capillaries leaving tissue cells: 100 mm Hg PO2 in pulmonary capillaries leaving the alveoli: 100 mm Hg PCO2 in systemic capillaries leaving tissue cells: 45 mm Hg PCO2 in pulmonary capillaries leaving the alveoli: 40 mm Hg

PO2 in systemic capillaries leaving tissue cells: 100 mm Hg

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the lungs. alveoli. upper respiratory tract. bronchioles. lower respiratory tract.

upper respiratory tract.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin. bicarbonate ions. carbonic acid. solute dissolved in the plasma. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

bicarbonate ions.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is in ionic form as solute in the plasma. dissolved in plasma. carried by white blood cells. bound to hemoglobin. bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.

bound to hemoglobin.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is sodium ion. bicarbonate ion. carbon dioxide. hemoglobin. oxygen.

carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form oxygen. carbaminohemoglobin. carbonic acid. hydrochloric acid. nitric acid.

carbonic acid.

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the upper respiratory tract. alveoli of the respiratory tract. respiratory mucosa. internal respiratory tract. lower respiratory tract.

lower respiratory tract.

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? lung volume will stay the same lungs will inflate lungs will collapse

lungs will collapse

The pneumotaxic center of the pons prolongs inspiration. modifies the rate and depth of breathing. stimulates the dorsal respiratory group. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern.

modifies the rate and depth of breathing

Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. movement of air into and out of the alveoli. utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. movement of air into and out of the lungs. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. utilization of oxygen. movement of air into and out of the lungs.

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments. contraction of laryngeal muscles. extrinsic ligaments. movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles. movement of the arytenoid cartilages.

movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles.

Which of the following relationships best describes Dalton's Law? A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion to its abundance. The partial pressure of oxygen will determine the amount of hemoglobin saturation. The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at a constant temperature. The amount of a gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.

A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion to its abundance.

How much difference is there in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen when comparing slightly alkaline blood to slightly acidic blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg? Between 15 and 20 percent more oxygen can be held in alkaline blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg. Between 5 and 10 percent more oxygen can be held in acidic blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg. Between 5 and 10 percent more oxygen can be held in alkaline blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg. Between 15 and 20 percent more oxygen can be held in acidic blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg.

Between 15 and 20 percent more oxygen can be held in alkaline blood at a Po2 of 40 mm Hg

The physiological effects of nitrogen in the human body are not fully understood as of yet except during decompression sickness. Decompression sickness occurs when the partial pressure of nitrogen drops, and nitrogen no longer stays in solution but forms bubbles, causing tremendous pain in joints. This relationship between partial pressure and solubility is explained in __________. Henry's law Dalton's law Newton's law Boyle's law

Henry's law

Which statement is correct? Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Which of the following statements correctly contrasts the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG)? Choose the best answer. The VRG receives input from cerebrospinal fluid chemoreceptors, while the DRG receives input from chemoreceptors in the bloodstream. The DRG only becomes active when there is a need for increased breathing activity, while the VRG is active during every respiratory cycle. The VRG has inspiratory and expiratory centers that are active during every breathing cycle, while the DRG is only active during expiration. The DRG is mainly active during inspiration, while the VRG is primarily active during expiration.

The DRG is mainly active during inspiration, while the VRG is primarily active during expiration.

In a condition known as pneumothorax, the integrity of the pleural cavity is lost, which leads to a collapsed lung. What is one explanation for why this occurs? The thin pleural fluid has lost its lubricating property and causes friction and ultimately inflammation of the pleurae. The bond between the visceral and parietal pleurae increases dramatically. The pleural fluid that bonds the visceral and parietal pleurae together is broken by air. All of the listed responses are explanations for the occurrence of pneumothorax.

The pleural fluid that bonds the visceral and parietal pleurae together is broken by air.

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Lung cancer claims more lives than other cancers, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Because of their high mitotic rate, epithelial cells are particularly prone to tumor formation. Choose the best answer as to where within the respiratory tract you would NOT find such epithelial cells. within the walls of the alveoli lining the trachea lining the pharynx You would find epithelial cells in all of the listed answer choices.

You would find epithelial cells in all of the listed answer choices.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, a person would stop breathing. tidal volumes would decrease. the respiratory minute volume would increase. alveolar ventilation would increase. pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly.

a person would stop breathing.

Both sneezing and coughing are examples of protective reflexes triggered by irritation. Sneezing and coughing both involve a disruption in respiration. What is the formal name for the period when respiration is suspended? hypocapnia pneumothorax apnea hypoxia

apnea

What would be the immediate effect of damage to the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)? apnea (no breathing) costal breathing Diaphragmatic breathing hyperventilation

apnea (no breathing)

Asthma is characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles. a collapsed lung resulting from insufficient production of surfactant. an obstructive tumor targeting primarily the terminal bronchioles. caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles.

When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of exhalation. accessory muscle contraction. gravity. elastic rebound. partial pressure difference.

elastic rebound.

The term hypercapnia refers to elevated PCO2. the cessation of breathing. an increase in pH. elevated PO2. labored breathing.

elevated PCO2.

Which of the following would be the oxygen pressure entering, and leaving, this capillary? systemic, pulmonary, circuit, respiratory membrane, interstitial fluid, alveolus, pO2, pCO2 entering Po2 95 mm Hg, leaving Po2 40 mm Hg entering Po2 40 mm Hg, leaving Po2 45 mm Hg entering Po2 45 mm Hg, leaving Po2 40 mm Hg entering Po2 40 mm Hg, leaving Po2 100 mm Hg

entering Po2 95 mm Hg, leaving Po2 40 mm Hg

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the epiglottis. cuneiform cartilage. cricoid cartilage. thyroid cartilage. corniculate cartilage.

epiglottis

The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the cricoid cartilage. uvula. epiglottis. soft palate. thyroid cartilage.

epiglottis

Dalton's law states that gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture

Where is more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood? converted to chloride in the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 - attached to hemoglobin dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells (RBCs)

in the plasma, as dissolved CO2 or HCO3 -

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe increased cardiac output from the right ventricle. increased thickness of the right ventricular wall. no appreciable changes in heart structure or function. increased cardiac output from the left ventricle. distension of the pulmonary veins from the right lung.

increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.

In patients with emphysema, the alveolar surface area decreases, thereby decreasing the area available for gas exchange. In addition, vascularity declines, making it harder still to transport adequate amounts of oxygen. Which of the following would help an emphysema patient bind as much oxygen as possible with the limited heme units available? decreasing pH levels inhaling oxygen at higher partial pressures raising body temperature All of the listed responses would help an emphysema patient.

inhaling oxygen at higher partial pressures

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle. diaphragm external intercostal internal intercostal scalene serratus anterior

internal intercostal

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is breathing. pulmonary ventilation. external respiration. internal respiration. cellular respiration.

internal respiration.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. it dries out the mouth. it combines olfaction with respiration. there is less resistance to air flow.

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

After blood becomes oxygenated, it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen.

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because large masses of food can move through the esophagus. large masses of air can pass through the trachea and thus the bronchi. it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing. it facilitates turning of the head. the bronchi are also C-shaped.

large masses of food can move through the esophagus.

The vocal folds are located within the oropharynx. trachea. bronchi. larynx. nasopharynx.

larynx

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pH is low. greater than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. None of the answers is correct.

less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.

The apneustic centers of the pons inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers. alter chemoreceptor sensitivity. provide stimulation to the inspiratory center. monitor blood gas levels. generate the gasp reflex.

provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.

The structure of the respiratory epithelium changes along the respiratory tract. In addition to mucous cells, what other type of cells are found lining the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and the superior portion (trachea and bronchi) of the lower respiratory system? stratified squamous epithelial cells cuboidal ciliated epithelial cells simple squamous epithelial cells pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of moist cuboidal epithelium. stratified squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium.

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is emphysema. anoxia. pulmonary embolism. pneumothorax. COPD.

pulmonary embolism.

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from laryngospasms. thick secretions that are difficult to transport. lack of neural control of respiration. genetic mutation in cilia production. reduced mucus secretions in the trachea.

thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage. thyroid epiglottic vestibular corniculate cuneiform

thyroid

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. arytenoid cuneiform cricoid epiglottic thyroid

thyroid

Internal respiration refers to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the alveoli. respiratory bronchioles. tissues and interstitial fluid. conducting portion of the respiratory system. alveoli and respiratory bronchioles.

tissues and interstitial fluid.

Which of these is NOT a function of the respiratory system? protect against environmental hazards produce sounds for speaking and singing transport RBCs (red blood cells) to the tissues exchange gases with the atmosphere

transport RBCs (red blood cells) to the tissues

The chloride shift occurs in order to pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells. produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells. transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues. produce carbonic acid.

transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma