Chapter 23: Respiratory System

The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the

intrapleural pressure

Which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?

intrapulmonary pressure

The pharynx is made of three separate regions. Choose those regions from the list. tracheopharynx esophopharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx oropharynx

laryngopharynx nasopharynx oropharynx

The structure that is also called the voice box is the

larynx

The trachea is part of the ______ respiratory tract.

lower

Which is not part of the upper respiratory system? lungs nose nasal cavity pharynx

lungs

The structure that is the initial conducting airway for inhaled air is the

nose

Which substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin? oxygen hydrogen ions (protons) carbon dioxide bicarbonate ions

oxygen hydrogen ions (protons) carbon dioxide

Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called

paranasal sinuses

The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the

partial pressure

The movement of gases between blood in pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs is called ______ gas exchange.

pulmonary

The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the ______ and returns to the ______.

pulmonary veins; left atrium

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the ______ through the pulmonary trunk into ______, which enters the lungs.

right ventricle; pulmonary arteries

The muscles that increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation are the

scalene or scalenes muscles

Which are the functions of the larynx? serves as a passageway for air blocks food and drink from entering the airway contains tonsils for immune responses produces sound for speech

serves as a passageway for air blocks food and drink from entering the airway produces sound for speech

Which affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen? the partial pressure of nitrogen the presence of hemoglobin the solubility coefficient of oxygen

the presence of hemoglobin the solubility coefficient of oxygen

The lungs are located in the ______.

thoracic cavity

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage, which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.

thyroid

The structure that is also known as the windpipe is the

trachea

The closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the _____ maneuver, results in an increase in abdominal pressure.

valsalva

"Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary

ventilation

A normal breathing rate is ______ to ______ breaths per minute

12; 20

The external oblique is a muscle of forced ______.

expiration

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______.

inspiration

The trachea connects the ______ to the ______.

larynx to bronchi

The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called

lobar bronchi

The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the

mucous or respiratory membrane

The nose is supported superiorly by paired

nasal bones

The symbol "PO2" is used to indicate the ______.

partial pressure of oxygen

Lobar bronchi are ______ in diameter than main bronchi.

smaller

The thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of ______.

testosterone

Pulmonary ventilation can be calculated using the following formula: Pulmonary ventilation = respiration rate x ______

tidal volume

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the

tidal volume

The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ______.

visceral pleura

The respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type ______ cell.

1

The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior.

1. frontal 2. ethmoid 3. maxilla

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ______ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ______ mm Hg.

104; 40

Restful breathing has a typical rate of ______ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of ______ ml.

12-15; 500

The left lung has ______ secondary bronchi since it has ______ lobes; the right lung has ______ lobes; and ______ secondary bronchi.

2; 2; 3; 3

During external respiration, the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from _____ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg.

45 or forty-five

What is the tidal volume of a typical adult?

500 mL

The condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is

Airflow, Ventilation, or Flow

The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is

Blank 1: Gas or Internal Blank 2: exchange or respiration

Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called _____ _____ that help to lighten the heavy load of the head.

Blank 1: paranasal Blank 2: sinuses

Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _____ and posterior to the larynx is the _____

Blank 1: trachea Blank 2: esophagus

Respiration affects all conditions except ______.

Blood K+ levels

Which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.

True or false: A person breathing fast during a foot race is most likely hyperventilating.

False

True or false: Hyperpnea is another name for hyperventilation.

False

A breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand is called

Hyperventilation

Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood.

True or false: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest.

True

Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs? external intercostals abdominal muscles internal intercostals serratus posterior inferior

abdominal muscles internal intercostals serratus posterior inferior

Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs? abdominal muscles serratus posterior inferior external intercostals internal intercostals

abdominal muscles serratus posterior inferior internal intercostals

The larynx serves as a passageway for ______.

air only

The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath is called

airflow

Which are the functions of the respiratory system? allows air passage sound production detection of odors control of Na+ plasma levels exchange of O2 and CO2

allows air passage sound production detection of odors exchange of O2 and CO2

The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called

alveolar ducts

The distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated

alveolar sac(s)

The trachea is ______ to the esophagus, ______ to the larynx, and ______ to the primary bronchi.

anterior; inferior; superior

In pulmonary ventilation, the movement of gases is between the ______ and the ______.

atmosphere; alveoli

The wide ______ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm.

base

The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ______.

blood

Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gases between what locations? blood and alveoli alveoli and atmosphere blood and systemic tissues alveoli and systemic tissues

blood and alveoli blood and systemic tissues

Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the ______ through the medulla oblongata and the pons.

brainstem

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?

brainstem

Hemoglobin binds not only to oxygen but also protons and

carbon dioxide or monoxide

The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the

clavicle or sternum

During inhalation, the external intercostals ______ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

contract

The flared components of the nose are composed of ______.

dense irregular connective tissue

Contraction of the internal intercostals ______ the ribs.

depresses

Which events are associated with inhalation? diaphragm contracts external intercostals contract sternum moves anteriorly internal intercostal contracts diaphragm relaxes

diaphragm contracts external intercostals contract sternum moves anteriorly

Which activities are associated with exhalation? external intercostals contract diaphragm relaxes internal intercostals contract diaphragm contracts sternum moves posteriorly

diaphragm relaxes internal intercostals contract sternum moves posteriorly

Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by ______ within a mixture of gases.

each gas

During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles ______ the ribs.

elevate

The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is composed of ______ and is ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone.

epithelial tissue

The thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during ______.

exhalation

The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced

expiration, breathing, or exhalation

In the basic processes of respiration, alveolar gas exchange is also known as _____ respiration, and systemic gas exchange is also known as internal respiration.

external

Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration? gas transport alveolar gas exchange cellular respiration systemic gas exchange pulmonary ventilation

gas transport alveolar gas exchange systemic gas exchange pulmonary ventilation

Hydrogen ions bind to the ______ portion of a hemoglobin molecule.

globin

The ability of blood to transport oxygen is dependent on the solubility coefficient of oxygen and the presence of

hemoglobin or Hb

Exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing known as ______.

hyperpnea

The scalene muscles help to ______ the thoracic cavity dimensions.

increase

During inhalation, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity ______.

increases

When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, _____ occurs

inhalation or inspiration

When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase,

inhalation or inspiration occurs

The superior opening of the larynx is called the laryngeal ______.

inlet

Which brings air into the alveoli?

inspiration

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases

inspiration or inhalation expiration or exhalation

The parietal pleura lines which structures? internal thoracic walls lateral surfaces of the mediastinum superior surface of the diaphragm the outer surface of each lung

internal thoracic walls lateral surfaces of the mediastinum superior surface of the diaphragm