Chapter 24

11. Which of the following steps in the policy cycle is characterized by media campaigns, public education, and lobbying? A. Build support for the problem B. Develop proposals C. Set an agenda D. Suggest changes E. Implement policy

A. Build support for the problem

22. Right before a bill can be debated on the floor in the House and Senate, it must have been A. Confirmed by the House and Senate B. Introduced in the House and Senate C. To the subcommittee and marked up D. To the full committee and marked up E. To field hearings with public testimony

D. To the full committee and marked up

41. Criminal case is to jury as administrative case is to A. Jury B. Judge C. Financial penalties D. Settlements E. Standings

B. Judge

18. After an original idea is turned into a bill, it A. Is introduced in the House and Senate B. Needs to be sponsored by a legislator C. Is referred to a committee D. Undergoes subcommittee hearings E. Needs to be marked up

B. Needs to be sponsored by a legislator

12. In carrying out the policy cycle, which of the following groups would probably use intensive media campaigns or even stage a protest? A. Industry associations B. Labor unions C. Wealthy or powerful individuals D. Public interest groups E. All of these would want as much publicity as possible

D. Public interest groups

50. Adaptive management assumes that what seemed the best initial policy option will always remain so.

false

8. The step before enacting a law or rule in the policy cycle is to A. Build support for the problem B. Develop proposals C. Set an agenda D. Suggest changes E. Implement policy

A. Build support for the problem

21. Which of the following is probably NOT a way that public hearings and testimony affect policy? A. They frequently change the opinions of legislators. B. They build a record of legislative intent that may be used later by courts and administrative agencies. C. They are a good place to educate the public about a topic. D. They are a good place to gain attention about a topic. E. All of these are ways that public hearings and testimony affect policy.

A. They frequently change the opinions of legislators.

32. In a criminal case, being found guilty can result in _________________, and in a civil case, being found guilty can result in _______________. A. Fines and jail sentences; only financial penalties B. Only financial penalties; fines and jail sentences C. Fines and jail sentences; fines and jail sentences D. Only financial penalties; only financial penalties E. Only jail sentences; only financial penalties

A. Fines and jail sentences; only financial penalties

2. Your instructor has an open door policy for office hours. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of policy. A. Informal B. Formal C. Tangible D. Intangible E. Transitory

A. Informal

42. Historically, international treaties and conventions were ________________ while more recently, they are characterized by ___________________. A. Negotiated by a panel of experts with no nations participating; broad participation and increased speed in the agreements taking force B. Characterized by broad participation; a panel of experts with no participating nations C. Characterized by broad participation and increased speed in enforcement; a panel of experts with no participating nations and slow enforcement D. Characterized by increased speed in enforcement; a panel of experts with no participating nations and slow enforcement E. Negotiated by a panel of experts from nations that are participating; narrow participation and relatively slow action in the agreement taking force

A. Negotiated by a panel of experts with no nations participating; broad participation and increased speed in the agreements taking force

38. The EPA is responsible for _____________ while the Department of Agriculture administers ___________. A. Regulating air and water pollution; the national forests and Soil Conservation Service B. The national forests and Soil Conservation Service; regulations of air and water pollution C. National parks and wildlife refuges; Public Health Service and occupational safety and health D. Nuclear energy and fossil fuel; Public Health Service E. Regulating solid waste; regulations of pesticides

A. Regulating air and water pollution; the national forests and Soil Conservation Service

36. You wrote an article in the school newspaper that criticized the school for planning to build on an area that was originally zoned for open space. The school responded by threatening to sue you for defamation. This is an example of the threat of a(n) _____ law suit. A. SLAPP B. Criminal C. Administrative D. Tort E. Statute

A. SLAPP

14. Which of the following represents the formal intentions of the legislature? A. Statute law B. Case law C. Administrative law D. Common law E. Tort law

A. Statute law

17. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) A. Was the first congressional recognition of the need for a national policy for a clean environment B. Was passed in 1899 as a national policy to dump so much garbage that navigation was blocked in rivers C. Provided for the distribution of authority for environmental policy among 15 different federal agencies D. Regulates the way in which pesticides are developed and used E. Was the first congressional recognition of the need for a national policy for a clean environment and it provided for the distribution of authority for environmental policy among 15 different federal agencies

A. Was the first congressional recognition of the need for a national policy for a clean environment

13. Which of the following originates from court decisions in both criminal and civil cases? A. Statute law B. Case law C. Administrative law D. Common law E. Tort law

B. Case law

30. A precedent is important in ____________ law because _________________. A. Statute; it determines whether participants have a right to be heard in court B. Case; it will be used as an example in subsequent trials C. Administrative; it determines whether participants have a right to be heard in court D. Statute; it will be used as an example in subsequent trials E. Statute, case, and administrative; it determines whether participants have a right to be heard in court

B. Case; it will be used as an example in subsequent trials

47. The requirement that cars must be designed so they can be repaired or recycled, rather than thrown away, is a component of the A. Green Party's political agenda B. Dutch Green Plan C. Japan's energy efficiency laws D. U.S. auto manufacturers' goals E. World Trade Union Plan for global manufacturing

B. Dutch Green Plan

1. Conservationists regard which of the following as their most powerful tool in protecting environmental quality? A. NEPA B. ESA C. Clean Air Act D. National Forest Management Act E. Safe Drinking Water Act

B. ESA

45. Environmental groups have used ______________ as an effective tool in making nations more compliant with environmental regulations. A. Trade sanctions B. Exposure to embarrass the country C. Reporting of violators to the international court D. World Trade Organization trade practices E. None of these are effective in making nations more compliant with environmental regulations

B. Exposure to embarrass the country

3. You bought insurance and your agent hands you a policy. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of policy. A. Informal B. Formal C. Tangible D. Intangible E. Transitory

B. Formal

25. If the president vetoes a bill, what happens to the bill A. It is referred back to the full committee for a markup. B. It can still become law if two-thirds of the House and Senate vote to override the veto. C. It does not become law. D. It goes back to field hearings for more discussion and markups. E. It is referred back to the House and Senate for a floor debate.

B. It can still become law if two-thirds of the House and Senate vote to override the veto.

35. Rather than directly suing a company for damages, it can be more effective to sue A. The individuals who are employed by the company B. The government for not enforcing laws that would have prevented the damage C. The government for making the laws so stringent D. The owners of the company E. None of these; it is most effective to directly sue the company

B. The government for not enforcing laws that would have prevented the damage

33. Civil cases are to "a preponderance of evidence" as criminal cases are to A. A "good faith effort" B. "guilty until proven innocent" C. "innocent until proven guilty" D. "willful intent" E. "cease and desist" from harmful activities

C. "innocent until proven guilty"

40. Challenges to agency (such as EPA) rules and regulations are heard in _____ courts. A. Statute B. Case law C. Administrative D. Common law E. Tort law

C. Administrative

16. Which environmental law created a giant fund to remediate abandoned toxic waste sites? A. Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 B. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 C. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) D. Alaska National Interest Lands Act of 1980 E. National Forest Management Act of 1976

C. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

26. In theory, appropriation bills are meant to A. Determine policy B. Avoid and curtail lobbying C. Fund current programs and projects D. Change laws through constitutional amendments E. Be authorized to become law

C. Fund current programs and projects

19. After a bill is introduced in the House and Senate, it A. Needs to be debated by the House and Senate B. Needs to be sponsored by a legislator C. Is referred to a committee D. Undergoes subcommittee hearings E. Needs to be marked up

C. Is referred to a committee

4. Self-interest policy is to _________ as rational choice is to cost-benefit approaches. A. Fairness B. Diverse and separate interests C. Power D. Science-based management E. Altruism

C. Power

6. After a problem is identified, the next step in the policy cycle is to A. Build support for the problem B. Develop proposals C. Set an agenda D. Suggest changes E. Implement policy

C. Set an agenda

43. A major drawback of international treaties and conventions is that A. There is too much time spent with government-to-government networking B. There is too much time spent with person-to-person networking C. They generally lack enforcement powers D. There is too much time spent with government-to-government networking and person-to-person networking and they generally lack enforcement powers E. There is too much time spent with government-to-government networking, there is too much time spent with person-to-person networking and they generally lack enforcement powers

C. They generally lack enforcement powers

34. The case of the Alaskan fishermen winning damages against Exxon Oil company is an example of a _____ law case. A. Common B. Tort C. Statute D. Civil E. Criminal

D. Civil

37. Which federal agency is responsible for Public Lands and National Parks? A. Agriculture Department B. U.S. Forest Service C. Environmental Protection Agency D. Department of the Interior E. Department of State

D. Department of the Interior

7. Who normally identifies the problem in the policy cycle? A. The government normally identifies issues for groups who do not recognize problems themselves. B. The government normally identifies issues for groups who do not have a voice (such as children) in the issue. C. The public identifies a problem and insists on help in correcting the problem. D. Either the public or the government identifies the issue, depending on the problem. E. None of these is correct.

D. Either the public or the government identifies the issue, depending on the problem.

20. In which of the following steps of a bill proceeding to becoming law does the public have an opportunity to give testimony? A. Full committee markup B. Introduction in the House and Senate C. Confirmation in the House and Senate D. Field hearings E. All of these events allow the public to give testimony on a bill

D. Field hearings

46. Which of the following is NOT a focus of environmental governance? A. How we value ecosystems B. How we negotiate trade-offs between conflicting uses or values C. How we form environmental policies D. How we charge those responsible for violating environmental laws E. How we make sure the costs and benefits of our decisions are equitably shared

D. How we charge those responsible for violating environmental laws

31. Civil law is to _______________ as criminal law is to crimes against the state or society. A. Legislation rulings B. Administrative actions C. Standings D. Interactions between individuals E. Precedents

D. Interactions between individuals

28. Why is lobbying so important? A. Adding the amendments to appropriations bills changes policy. B. Since it is the first case to be heard, it will be used as an example in subsequent trials. C. Whether or not a participant has the right to be heard determines if the case will progress. D. Personal contacts are the most effective way to persuade a legislator. E. Compensations for damages can be costly to a company, and the company wants to avoid this action.

D. Personal contacts are the most effective way to persuade a legislator.

24. The most powerful component of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) has been the A. Fact that it is a constitutional amendment guaranteeing the right to a clean environment to everyone B. Authorization of the Council on Environmental Quality board C. Fact that federal agencies must take into account environmental consequences when making decision D. Requirement of an Environmental Impact Statement for every major federal project E. Distribution of authority for environmental policy among different federal agencies

D. Requirement of an Environmental Impact Statement for every major federal project

10. After the results are evaluated, the next step in the policy cycle is to A. Build support for the problem B. Develop proposals C. Set an agenda D. Suggest changes E. Implement policy

D. Suggest changes

48. A green plan that can serve as a model for the rest of the world because of its comprehensive and long-term nature is that of A. The United States B. Germany C. Japan D. The Netherlands E. England

D. The Netherlands

29. Why is case law so important in setting environmental policy? A. Fear of being criminally prosecuted will keep potential violators of environmental laws from violating the laws. B. The formal documents and laws enacted by the legislature are the laws that determine the details of environmental policy. C. Federal agency rule-making and standard-setting is not influenced by politics and therefore has a strong influence on environmental policy. D. The courts are expected to hammer out the details of environmental laws that pass. E. Case law is no more important than any other type of law in setting environmental policy.

D. The courts are expected to hammer out the details of environmental laws that pass.

44. Which of the following is not a problem associated with international agreements? A. There is no body that can legislate international environmental protection. B. There is no body that can enforce international environmental protection. C. The agreements must be made by unanimous consent. D. The international court affects the sovereignty of noncompliant nations. E. All of these are problems associated with international agreements.

D. The international court affects the sovereignty of noncompliant nations.

5. Which of the following is NOT a drawback to rational choice policy? A. It can be extremely difficult to quantify conflicting values and needs. B. Investments in existing programs and policies can prevent change. C. There is not enough data to construct models that calculate costs and benefits when there are many differing values at stake. D. There are many agreed-upon broad societal goals. E. All of these are drawbacks to rational choice policy.

D. There are many agreed-upon broad societal goals.

23. An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is required for any federal project that has A. Major new pollution emissions B. Major building projects C. Possible health threats to people D. Potentially harmful effects on areas of cultural, scientific, or historical importance E. All of these

E. All of these

15. Which of the following events did NOT have an influence on the rise of the modern environmental movement? A. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring B. Improved technology (live satellite feeds) that enabled television stations to get visual footage on the news on a daily basis C. Public activism in the civil rights and anti-war movements D. The blowout of an oil well in the Santa Barbara Channel E. All of these had an influence on the rise of the modern environmental movement

E. All of these had an influence on the rise of the modern environmental movement

9. After a policy is implemented, the next step in the policy cycle is to A. Build support for the problem B. Develop proposals C. Set an agenda D. Suggest changes E. Evaluate results

E. Evaluate results

39. The Environmental Protection Agency is to pollution as the Departments of the Interior and Agriculture are to A. Urban parks B. Oceanic monitoring and research C. Energy policy D. Environmental litigation E. Natural resources

E. Natural resources

27. Authorizing amendments that have no relation to the appropriation bills they are attached to are called A. Lobbyists B. Standings C. Precedents D. Tort laws E. Riders

E. Riders

52. When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, the precautionary principle would advocate more scientific research to determine if there is actual harm.

false

53. Mediation is a type of dispute resolution that is very similar to a trial.

false

49. Civil cases can be easier to win than criminal cases because the burden of proof does not only lie with the prosecution.

true

51. Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance.

true