Chapter 24: Nutrient and Metabolism

Which are the major hormones produced by the pancreas? insulin testosterone epinephrine glucagon

- glucagon - insulin

Which hormones does the pancreas secrete? angiotensin glucagon protease insulin

- glucagon - insulin

Use the homeostasis interactive to answer the two questions. Follow the given procedure, and then use the output graphs to answer the questions.- Click on the healthy tab at the top of the lab screen- Feed the person bread, then click advance. Use the arrows on the food icon to toggle between the options.- Feed the person a candy bar, then click advance.- Feed the person salad, then click advance multiple times until you have reached the end of the 12-hour period.1. TYPE 1 DIABETIC 1. What happened to the person throughout the 12-hour period? - Their blood sugar was high enough to potentially cause organ failure. - Their blood sugar was lower than normal. - Their blood sugar remained stable across the 12-hour period. 2. Why did this happen to the person? - Eating caused an increase in blood glucose, but no insulin was available to promote the uptake of glucose into the cells of the body. - A 12-hour period is not a sufficient amount of time to observe changes in blood sugar. - The cells of their body did not respond to the surge of insulin that occurred after they ate. - A surge of insulin after eating caused the excess glucose in their blood to be taken up by the cells of the body.

1. Their blood sugar was high enough to potentially cause organ failure 2. Eating caused an increase in blood glucose, but no insulin signal was available to promote the update of glucose into the cells of the body

Which processes help maintain blood glucose levels during the post‑absorptive state? lipogenesis in the adipose tissue glycogenolysis in the skeletal muscle catabolism of cellular proteins gluconeogenesis in the liver

1.glycogenolysis in the skeletal muscle 2. catabolism of cellular proteins 3.gluconeogenesis in the liver

Classify each pancreatic secretion according to the type of pancreatic cells that produce it. Alpha Cells Beta Cells Delta Cells Exocrine Tissues

Alpha cells - glucagon Beta cells - insulin Delta cells - somatostatin Exocrine tissues - digestive enzymes

Which of the statements correctly contrasts anabolic and catabolic pathways? Anabolic pathways release energy, whereas catabolic pathways require energy. Anabolic pathways are synthesis pathways, whereas catabolic pathways are degradation pathways. There is no contrast. Anabolic and catabolic are synonymous terms. Anabolic pathways use oxygen, whereas catabolic pathways do not use oxygen.

Anabolic pathways are synthesis pathways, whereas catabolic pathways are degradation pathways

Classify each hormone according to whether it has anabolic or catabolic effects. Anabolic Catabolic

Anabolic- insulin - growth hormone - testosterone Catabolic - glucagon - epinephrine - cortisol

Some general characteristics of metabolic reactions or reaction pathways are listed. Classify them as characteristics of anabolism or catabolism. Anabolism Catabolism

Anabolism: convert small compounds to larger compounds utilize ATP Catabolism: convert large compounds to smaller compounds oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide

Categorize the effects of insulin on the rates the described processes. Increases Decreases Has no effect

Increases - cellular uptake of glucose - protein and glycogen synthesis Decreases -gluconeogenesis - lipolysis and glycolysis Has no effect - calcium deposition

Match each term with its description. Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism

Metabolism: the sum total of all of the chemical reactions of a cell or organism Anabolism: all of the chemical reactions leading to the constriction of complex molecules from smaller building blocks Catabolism: all of the chemical reactions that lead to the breakdown of complex molecules into smaller subunits

Match a description or function to each pancreatic component. Please note that not all of the descriptions or functions will be used. Pancreatic islets Alpha Cells Beta Cells

Pancreatic islets- clusters of endocrine cells Alpha cells - secrete glucagon Beta cells- secrete insulin NOT USED:- secrete digestive enzymes

What is a nutrient? a chemical substance necessary to properly digest components of food a chemical substance that helps with body growth and cell maintenance a component of food that has the ability to raise the temperature of water a component of food that exclusively provides energy (ATP) for cell processes

a chemical substance that helps with body growth and cell maintenance

What is a post‑absorptive state? a nutrient‑storing state a fasting state a fed state a starvation state

a fasting state

Which of these describes an anabolic pathway? a pathway that generates molecules from smaller subunits a pathway that transmits a signal within a cell a pathway that generates ATP a pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller subunits

a pathway that generates molecules from smaller subunits

Select the minerals that are required in the diet in order to maintain homeostasis in the body. sodium carbohydrates vitamin E ATP magnesium

- potassium - chloride - sodium - magnesium

Categorize each dietary item as being primarily a carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamin, or mineral.

Carbohydrates - bread - fructose -potatose -galactose Proteins - poultry - low-fat greek yogurt Lipids - omega-3 fatty acids - olive oil -omega-6 fatty acids -canola oil Vitamins - tocopherol - riboflavin -ascorbic acid (VIT C) -Niacin (VIT B) Minerals - calcium - table salt -potassium

Place the nutrient categories in order from the highest amount of energy yielded to the lowest amount of energy yielded per 100 g metabolized. Highest amount Lowest Amount

Highest Lipids Proteins Vitamins Lowest

What effect does glucagon have on metabolism during the post‑absorptive state? stimulates glycogenesis in the liver stimulates lipolysis in the adipose tissue decreases blood glucose concentration stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver increases blood glucose concentration

stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver increases blood glucose concentration stimulates lipolysis in the adipose tissue

What is gluconeogenesis? formation of glycogen from glucose synthesis of triglycerides from glycerol breakdown of glycogen to glucose conversion of glycerol to glucose

conversion of amino acids to glucose or conversion of glycerol to glucose

Which carbohydrate is most readily absorbed and metabolized by the tissues? fructose cellulose maltose glucose

glucose

Which process takes place during the absorptive state? decreased stomach acid secretion increased lipolysis increased glycogen synthesis decreased DNA replication

increased glycogen synthesis or increased glucose uptake

A patient presents at the hospital with a pancreatic tumor in which there are too many delta cells. Identify the expected symptoms. overproduction of somatostatin, depressed release of insulin and glucagon overproduction of adrenaline, high blood pressure overproduction of glucagon, high blood glucose levels overproduction of insulin, low blood glucose levels

overproduction of somatostatin, depressed release of insulin and glucagon DELTA CELLS