Chapter 24 Nutrition & etc.
Which of the following would decrease body temperature?
dilation of cutaneous blood vessels
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins?
eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
What serves as the energy source for the proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation?
electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of
essential fatty acids.
Sweating produces heat loss largely by __________.
evaporative cooling
The movement of H+ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of __________.
facilitated diffusion
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?
fats
Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H+ ions __________.
from matrix to intermembrane space
Which of these is not characteristic of the absorptive state?
glucagon secretion
The ________ acts as the body's thermostat.
hypothalamus
Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation?
hypothalamus
Which of these is not expected when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus decreases?
inhibition of TRH release
Which of the following is represented by the membrane indicated in the figure?
inner mitochondrial membrane
Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?
insulin
While traveling abroad in Africa you observe a large number of people with goiter (enlarged thyroid). Which mineral deficiency could be responsible for this?
iodine
Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
iron and selenium
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is
iron.
Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.
is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
Frostbite is LEAST likely to occur in the skin of a body region (e.g., abdominal region, finger region, etc.) that ______.
is closer to the heart than skin of a body region that is farther from the heart
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following, except that
most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.
most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
Which of the following is a common feature of the processes indicated by both letters D and E?
movement of hydrogen atoms associated with NADH
Which of these is not part of anabolism?
muscle contraction
During starvation
muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because
oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.
The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is
pantothenic acid.
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.
phosphate
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the
postabsorptive state.
The major cation in cytoplasm is
potassium.
What is the molecule labeled "1"?
pyruvate acid
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
the mitochondria
In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from
the movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is
zinc.
Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for
All of the answers are correct.
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?
All of the answers are correct.
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it
All of the answers are correct.
The postabsorptive state can be maintained for a while; long-term homeostasis, however, requires a balanced diet. Are these two statements true or false?
Both statements are true.
What step precedes the pathway shown in this image?
Breakdown of triglyceride molecules
Which of the following statements regarding brown fat is false?
Brown fat is concentrated around visceral organs in the adult.
Which letter(s) indicate(s) the process during which oxygen is consumed?
C
Which of the following is correct?
Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Which of the following statements regarding the electron transport chain is FALSE?
Each enzyme complex in the electron transport chain catalyzes the conversion of oxygen to oxygen ions that eventually form water.
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the
Electron Transport System.
A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.
False
Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except
acetyl-CoA
In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present?
acetyl-CoA
Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________.
acetyl-CoA
Lipogenesis generally begins with
acetyl-CoA.
A particular type of anemia can occur because of the inability to absorb a specific B vitamin. Which of the following is a gastric condition that would be associated with this anemia?
achlorhydria
Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________.
adequate essential amino acids
In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state.
ammonia
Except for __________, the body may use these means to increase heat loss.
apocrine sweat production
Metabolism of amino acids in the citric acid cycle yields
approximately the same energy as carbohydrate metabolism.
Redox reactions __________.
are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron
In the citric acid cycle, a 2 carbon molecule and a 4 carbon molecule combine to produce
citric acid.
Prostaglandins play a role in ________.
control of blood pressure
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.
conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?
conversion to a nucleic acid
The trace element needed for hemoglobin synthesis is
copper.
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?
36 ATP
For adults there are ________ essential amino acids.
8
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the reactions indicated by the letters F and G?
Both reactions involve the transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP.
Glucose enters cells by facilitated diffusion; it is trapped in the cytoplasm by conversion to glucose-6-phosphate. Are these two statements true or false?
Both statements are true.
Glycolysis yields pyruvic acid; the pyruvic acid is then decarboxylated in mitochondria before entering the TCA cycle. Are these two statements true or false?
Both statements are true.
What process is diagrammed in this image?
Glycolysis
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is
folic acid (folate).
A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is
pyridoxine (B6).
During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______.
the glycogen content of the liver is reduced
What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae
The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.
False
The major role of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) is to store energy in the form of fat.
False
The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat.
False
The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.
False
There are NO nutritionally complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a nutritionally complete protein.
False
Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.
False
When blood glucose levels are low, the body begins to use more noncarbohydrate fuels for energy production. This process is called glucose activation.
False
Which of the choices below is NOT a source of blood glucose during the postabsorptive state?
absorption of glucose from the GI tract
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________
absorptive state
The largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 μm, ________ are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.
chylomicrons
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are
chylomicrons.
What is the molecule labeled "5"?
citric acid
Which of the following is NOT an end product of the citric acid cycle?
citric acid
Oxygen is a necessary molecule in the short term in which of the following:
citric acid cycle and ETS
Which hormone promotes protein catabolism?
cortisol
Sometimes called "good cholesterol," ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.
mitochondria; aerobic
The citric acid cycle occurs in the
mitochondrial matrix.
Which of the following is a source of complex carbohydrates?
potatoes
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following EXCEPT ________.
production of energy
Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?
protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation
The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis?
proteins
During lipolysis
triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
The ammonia that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________.
urea
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________.
urea
Which of the following is NOT an essential role of the liver?
urea disposal
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea.
Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________.
urea; liver
Heat-loss mechanisms do NOT include ________.
vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
In India, rice is a large part of the diet. Lack of which vitamin in rice would lead to higher levels of blindness in this population?
vitamin A
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of
vitamin A.
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
vitamin B
If Samantha hypersecretes thyroxine, what symptom could she have?
weight loss without dieting
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched in regards to BMR (basal metabolic rate)?
younger age: lower BMR
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.
20
If 8 molecules of NADH from the citric acid cycle entered the ETS, how much ATP would be produced?
24 ATP
What is the molecule labeled "7" ?
4 carbon molecule
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
A
To maintain homeostasis, a balanced diet should provide __________.
A balanced diet should provide all of these, to maintain homeostasis.
Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?
ATP
Which of the following describes the event depicted on the right side of the figure?
ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation
The end products of glycolysis are
ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid.
A balanced diet should
All of the answers are correct.
Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe
All of the answers are correct.
Heavy sweating can induce heat cramps due to ______.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Catabolism is represented by processes such as __________.
All of these are catabolic processes.
Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?
Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are used to build larger molecules.
Anabolism
Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________.
B6
The enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________.
B6
Which of these happens during the postabsorptive state?
Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range.
Which of the following is a common feature of both sets of reactions represented by A and B in the figure?
Both include steps involving the oxidation of organic molecules.
How is the chemiosmotic process shown in the figure similar to secondary active transport (cotransport) of solutes (discussed in Chapter 3)?
Both processes use an electrochemical gradient to store energy
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.
D
Which of the letters indicates the processes of gluconeogenesis?
D
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin
D.
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin
E.
Hank, a 17-year-old high school student, suffered a heart attack during a recreational swim. An autopsy revealed that he had had atherosclerosis and that his death had been caused by coronary artery disease. What might have been the cause of this disease that usually strikes a person much older than Hank?
He suffered from familial hypercholesterolemia.
In which of the following is excess cholesterol from body cells carried?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Which of the following is NOT true of beta oxidation?
It involves the anabolism of fats.
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
K
__________ is the conversion of acetyl CoA into ketone bodies.
Ketogenesis
__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
LDLs
Which of these statements is not true about beta-oxidation?
Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules.
Which of the following molecules is most directly involved in the transfer of energy from food to the proton pumps depicted in this figure?
NADH
Which of these provides the greatest yield of ATP?
NADH from the citric acid cycle
What enters the mitochondria at the point indicated by the red arrow?
Oxygen
What metabolic state is diagrammed here?
Postabsorptive state
Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?
Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
Select the correct statement about proteins.
Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
What is the function of the urea cycle?
Reduce the concentration of ammonia
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.
__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities.
The basal metabolic rate
Which of the following individuals would lose heat the fastest in a cold room?
a newborn infant
What is the original source of the CO2 ,which releases during citric acid cycle?
The glucose from the diet
Which of these is not likely to occur during the postabsorptive state?
The liver produces more glycogen.
Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.
True
For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.
True
GI stretch is a short-term regulator of food intake.
True
Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.
True
Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.
True
Glycogenesis occurs when ATP levels are high and glucose is abundant.
True
High levels of HDLs are considered good.
True
In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed.
True
It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.
True
Peptides called NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (agouti-related peptides) are powerful appetite enhancers.
True
The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by their age, size, metabolic rate, and the need to build new proteins (whether the body is in positive nitrogen balance).
True
The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.
True
The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.
True
The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.
True
Triglycerides and cholesterol do not circulate freely in the bloodstream.
True
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
a coenzyme
Each cytochrome contains
a metal ion
All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting, except that
blood flow to the skin increases.
Each of these is a metabolic component of the body except ___________.
bone
Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH2 molecules shown in this figure?
both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, the ________ continues to burn glucose while virtually every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids as its major energy source.
brain
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.
break down food molecules and generate ATP
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.
breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is
calcium.
The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as
carbohydrate loading.
Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells?
carbohydrates
Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body?
carbohydrates: hormones
What is the molecule labeled "2"?
carbon dioxide
The end products of aerobic respiration are
carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).
Lipogenesis occurs when ________.
cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
The major anion in body fluids is
chloride.
Which nutrient molecule CANNOT be used in the oxidative pathways?
cholesterol
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.
glucose
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.
glucose
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.
glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.
glycerol
Which of these processes is not characteristic of the postabsorptive state?
glycogen synthesis
Which term describes the action of an endurance runner the night before the race as she "carbo-loads" when eating a large pasta dinner?
glycogenesis
Glucose can be obtained from ________.
glycogenolysis
Red blood cells lack mitochondria. As a result, ATP production is solely through ________.
glycolysis
Through the process of __________, each glucose yields two pyruvate ions.
glycolysis
Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria?
glycolysis
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?
glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
gout.
Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids?
growth hormone
About 40% of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________.
heat
The condition when excessive fluid loss from sweating disrupts thermoregulatory mechanisms is known as
heat exhaustion.
The smallest lipoproteins, called __________, transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
high-density lipoproteins
Which of the following compounds contains no nitrogen?
ketoacids
The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as
ketonuria.
The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______.
ketosis
An effective way to treat galactosemia would be to stop ingesting galactose and ______.
lactose
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.
larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state, except that
levels of blood glucose are elevated.
The essential fatty acids are
linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, except that
lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
Which of the following is NOT catabolic?
lipogenesis
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.
lipolysis
Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.
liver
Which organ produces most of the urea in the body?
liver
Gluconeogenesis is performed by __________.
liver cells
Urea is formed in the
liver.
A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is
magnesium.
Oxidation reduction reactions ________.
may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
A T-4 assay can perform each of these functions except __________.
measuring the number of calories in food
What is the outcome of ketosis?
metabolic acidosis
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
metabolism.
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
reduced; oxidized
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?
release of epinephrine
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is
riboflavin.
When blood is cooler than the hypothalamic set point, the person may ________.
shiver
Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat transfer used by the body?
shivering
When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting,
skin blood flow increases and tidal volume increases.
The major cation in extracellular fluid is
sodium.
A recent health screening revealed a low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) level over 130. Which of the following should be prescribed?
statins
The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria.
Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production?
sweating
Which of the following is NOT an important function of the liver?
synthesis of vitamin K
The carbon dioxide released by the lung into the atmosphere was very likely produced within by __________.
the TCA cycle
The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following, except
the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
the citric acid cycle.
The term metabolism is best defined as ________.
the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
One of the reasons why statins are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease is ______.
they decrease the incidence of cholesterol deposition in arterial walls
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is
thiamine
The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining basal metabolic rate (BMR).
thyroxine
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
to regenerate ATP
In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood it is necessary to measure
total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.
Which of the following events is NOT depicted in the figure?
transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms from a food molecule to a coenzyme
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________.
transferred to a keto acid
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is
transferred to a keto acid.
Which of the following is NOT a function of low-density-lipoproteins (LDLs)?
transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.
triglycerides
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?
2
Glycogen accounts for 80-85% of stored energy in the body.
False
Most ATP in cellular respiration is regenerated in substrate level phosphorylation.
False
Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.
False
Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the Electron Transport System?
2 ATP
The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.
36 ATP molecules can be produced during cellular respiration from a single glucose molecule. How many of those require oxygen for their production?
34
What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat?
60
Cells must synthesize new organic compounds
All of the answers are correct.
During glycolysis
All of the answers are correct.
Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues?
All of the answers are correct.
In the electron transport chain
All of the answers are correct.
On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in
All of the answers are correct.
Someone with a total cholesterol level between 200 and 239 mg/dl should
All of the answers are correct.
The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group?
All of the answers are correct.
The heat-gain center for thermoregulation
All of the answers are correct.
Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.
False
Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.
False
Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.
False
Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.
False
__________ is the key hormone regulator of the postabsorptive state.
Glucagon
Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description?
Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures
What provides energy to the molecule indicated by the red arrow?
H+ ion gradient
If cyanide entered cells, the result would be ______.
a net gain of only 4 ATP molecules produced from each glucose molecule
Assuming they all weigh the same and maintain the same body temperature, which of the following would lose heat the fastest?
a tall, very slender person
The citric acid cycle
begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
Which of the following does not usually occur during the postabsorptive state?
elevated blood glucose
The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________.
energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
The basic food groups include all these except ___________.
fats and sweets
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
fats.
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.
fatty acids
During beta-oxidation, __________.
fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA
Although both conditions share the common characteristic of elevated body temperature, hyperthermia is technically different from fever because ______.
fever is a condition in which there is a change in the body's temperature set-point
Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis.
glucagon
What is the substance labeled "4"?
hydrogen atoms
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?
must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is
niacin.
A T4 assay is used to
obtain an index of metabolic activity.
Where do the processes indicated by the letter C occur?
on the inner mitochondria membrane
The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid.
outer membrane
Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following, except
oxaloacetic acid.
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?
oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched?
oxidative phosphorylation: no energy is produced
What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work?
phosphorylation
Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following, except
physical exertion.
Lipids
provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.
Which of these is not required for glycolysis?
pyruvic acid
At the conclusion of glycolysis, most of glucose's chemical energy is found in the ________.
pyruvic acid molecules
More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of
radiation
The loss of infrared energy from the body is called
radiation.
During the absorptive state,
the liver forms glycogen.
Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because ______.
the rate of exergonic reactions is increased
Many factors influence basal metabolic rate (BMR). What is the most critical factor?
the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body
