Chapter 24 The Digestive System

A) 3, 1, 2, 4

1. H2CO3 dissociates 2. chloride ion combines with H+ in the gastric lumen 3. water and CO2 combine to form carbonic acid 4. H+ and bicarbonate ion are transported out of the cell A) 3, 1, 2, 4 B) 1, 3, 2, 4 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 4, 1, 2, 3 E) 3, 1, 4, 2

E) stimulates gastric secretion

78) Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin? A) where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum B) carries absorbed sugars and amino acids C) stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid D) causes gallbladder to contract E) stimulates gastric secretion

B) fats.

134) Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of A) proteins. B) fats. C) disaccharides. D) complex carbohydrates. E) vitamins.

E) All of the answers are correct.

135) The essential functions of the liver include A) metabolic regulation. B) hematological regulation. C) bile production. D) albumin production for blood osmotic pressure. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) fundus.

69) The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the A) cardia. B) pylorus. C) fundus. D) antrum. E) body.

D) stimulate hunger.

73) The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to A) inhibit hunger. B) initiate secretion of gastric juice containing enzymes and acid. C) regulate the digestion of lipids. D) stimulate hunger. E) stimulate secretion of mucus from submucosal glands.

C) openings into gastric glands.

74) Gastric pits are A) ridges in the body of the stomach. B) involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach. C) openings into gastric glands. D) acid scars in the esophagus. E) hollows where proteins are stored.

B) proteins.

75) The enzyme pepsin digests A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. E) vitamins.

D) rennin.

76) An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is A) pepsin. B) trypsin. C) gastrin. D) rennin. E) cholecystokinin.

A) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.

100) Plicae and intestinal villi A) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. B) carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries. C) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. D) secrete digestive enzymes. E) produce hormones.

A) duodenum.

101) Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the A) duodenum. B) jejunum. C) ileum. D) pancreas. E) liver.

C) common bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

102) The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the A) duodenum and the jejunum. B) duodenum and the pylorus. C) common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. D) duodenum and the pancreatic duct. E) duodenum and the bile duct.

C) jejunum.

103) The villi are most developed in the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) gallbladder. E) cecum.

D) ileum.

104) Peyer patches are characteristic of the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum. E) colon.

E) All of the answers are correct.

105) Which of these enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine? A) the plicae circulares B) the villi C) the microvilli D) intestinal movements E) All of the answers are correct.

B) duodenum.

106) Brunner glands are characteristic of the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum. E) colon.

C) jejunum.

107) The middle segment of the small intestine is the A) ileum. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) pylorus. E) cecum.

B) circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine

109) Plicae circulares are A) ridges in the wall of the stomach. B) circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine. C) fingerlike projections on the surface of the mucosa of the small intestine. D) sacculations in the colon. E) abnormal structures formed by excessive pressure in the small intestine.

C) enterocrinin.

110) An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucus secretion by the submucosal duodenal glands is A) secretin. B) cholecystokinin. C) enterocrinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin.

B) secretin.

111) The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is A) enterocrinin. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin.

C) cholecystokinin.

112) An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is A) enteropeptidase. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin.

E) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

113) An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is A) enterocrinin. B) enteropeptidase. C) secretin. D) cholecystokinin. E) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

D) gastrin.

114) An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is A) secretin. B) cholecystokinin. C) enteropeptidase. D) gastrin. E) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

D) central vein.

117) In the center of a liver lobule there is a A) hepatic duct. B) portal area. C) sinusoid. D) central vein. E) portal vein.

C) pancreatic acini.

118) The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of A) islets of Langerhans. B) pancreatic crypts. C) pancreatic acini. D) pancreatic lobules. E) triads.

C) lobule.

120) The basic functional unit of the liver is the A) hepatocyte. B) Kupffer cell. C) lobule. D) portal area. E) bile canaliculus

B) Hepatocytes

121) ________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein. A) Kupffer cells B) Hepatocytes C) Bile canaliculi D) Portal areas E) Hepatic ducts

E) All of the answers are correct.

123) The pancreas produces A) lipases and amylase. B) nucleases. C) peptidases and proteinases. D) sodium bicarbonate. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) gallbladder.

125) Bile is stored in the A) liver. B) duodenum. C) pancreas. D) gallbladder. E) appendix.

A) trypsinogen.

126) A proenzyme secreted by the pancreas is A) trypsinogen. B) amylase. C) carboxypeptidase. D) lipase. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) moves some chyme to the colon.

127) The gastroileal reflex A) empties the duodenum. B) promotes gastric secretion. C) decreases peristaltic activity. D) moves some chyme to the colon. E) is relayed through the CNS.

D) jejunum.

128) A surgical procedure to promote rapid weight loss is removal of most of the A) pancreas. B) liver. C) duodenum. D) jejunum. E) ileum.

A) falciform ligament

129) Which of the following contains a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein? A) falciform ligament B) greater omentum C) mesentery proper D) lesser omentum E) diaphragm

C) central vein

130) Which of the following is not a component of the hepatic triad found at the edges of a liver lobule? A) hepatic artery B) bile duct C) central vein D) hepatic portal vein E) None of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

131) Enterogastric reflexes A) inhibit gastric motility. B) inhibit gastric secretion. C) are triggered by chyme entering the duodenum. D) involve the enteric nervous system. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) duodenum.

132) The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the A) pylorus. B) duodenum. C) ileum. D) caecum. E) jejunum.

A) blood levels of secretin rise.

133) In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the A) blood levels of secretin rise. B) blood levels of cholecystokinin fall. C) blood levels of gastrin rise. D) blood levels of enterocrinin fall. E) liver releases enzymes for chemical digestion.

E) 1 and 5, 2 and 4, 3 and 6

136) Match the proenzyme on the left (1-3) with the correct enzyme activator on the right (4-6) 1. pepsinogen 4. enterokinase 2. trypsinogen 5. hydrochloric acid 3. procarboxypeptidase 6. trypsin A) 1 and 6, 2 and 5, 3 and 4 B) 1 and 4, 2 and 5, 3 and 6 C) 1 and 4, 2 and 6, 3 and 5 D) 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 4 E) 1 and 5, 2 and 4, 3 and 6

B) the composition of pancreatic secretions.

137) A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect A) acid production by the stomach. B) the composition of pancreatic secretions. C) the delivery of bile. D) digestion of lipids and proteins. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) undigested fat in the feces.

138) An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in A) undigested fat in the feces. B) a decrease in production of pancreatic juice. C) inability to digest protein. D) cirrhosis of the liver. E) hepatitis.

B) amylase.

139) If the pancreatic duct was obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of A) bilirubin. B) amylase. C) cholecystokinin. D) secretin. E) gastrin.

A) jaundice

140) Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom? A) jaundice B) elevated levels of blood glucose C) impaired digestion of protein D) blood in the feces E) overproduction of blood plasma albumin

E) Bicuspids and molars

51) ________ crush and grind food. A) Bicuspids B) Incisors C) Molars D) Cuspids E) Bicuspids and molars

B) gingiva.

54) The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the A) vestibule. B) gingiva. C) alveolus. D) uvula. E) faux.

C) lingual frenulum.

55) The connection of the anterior portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium is the A) uvula. B) faux. C) lingual frenulum. D) labial frenulum. E) glossal septum.

D) Incisors

57) ________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. A) Canines B) Bicuspids C) Cuspids D) Incisors E) Molars

D) Cuspids

58) ________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing. A) Incisors B) Bicuspids C) Premolars D) Cuspids E) Molars

E) All of the answers are correct.

60) During deglutition, A) the soft palate elevates. B) the larynx elevates and the epiglottis closes. C) the lower esophageal sphincter opens. D) smooth muscle contracts. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) epithelium of mucosa is stratified squamous.

61) The esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the gut tube. These include A) epithelium of mucosa is stratified squamous. B) epithelium of mucosa is simple columnar. C) muscularis externa may be striated muscle. D) epithelium of mucosa is stratified squamous and simple columnar. E) epithelium of mucosa is simple columnar and muscularis externa may be striated muscle.

C) gastric

62) During deglutition, which of the following phases is not present? A) buccal B) pharyngeal C) gastric D) esophageal E) None of the answers are correct.

C) swallowing.

63) Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in A) mastication. B) moving the tongue. C) swallowing. D) esophageal peristalsis. E) opening the cardiac sphincter

D) absorption of triglycerides.

64) Functions of the stomach include all of the following, except A) storage of ingested food. B) denaturation of proteins. C) initiation of protein digestion. D) absorption of triglycerides. E) mechanical breakdown of food.

D) hydrochloric acid.

65) Parietal cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloric acid. E) enteropeptidase.

A) pepsinogen.

66) Chief cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloric acid. E) intrinsic factor.

C) gastrin.

67) G cells of the stomach secrete A) cholecystokinin. B) secretin. C) gastrin. D) enteropeptidase. E) pepsin.

B) cardia

68) Which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect to? A) fundus B) cardia C) body D) antrum E) pylorus

C) there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.

79) During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, A) the stomach responds to distention. B) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. C) there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach. D) the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. E) production of gastric juice slows down.

B) entry of food into the stomach.

80) The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the A) sight, thought, or smell of food. B) entry of food into the stomach. C) entry of chyme into the small intestine. D) entry of chyme into the large intestine. E) release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.

A) precedes the gastric phase.

81) All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion, except that it A) precedes the gastric phase. B) functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. C) involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. D) helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. E) begins when chyme enters the small intestine.

B) local stimulation.

82) Gastrin secretion in response to elevated luminal pH is an example of A) neural stimulation. B) local stimulation. C) muscular stimulation. D) hormone stimulation. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) gastrin.

83) The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is A) gastrin. B) enteropeptidase. C) secretin. D) cholecystokinin. E) CCK.

E) recycles bile.

85) All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach, except that it A) has a simple columnar epithelium. B) is covered by a thick, viscous mucus. C) is constantly being replaced. D) contains gastric pits. E) recycles bile.

A) is greater during digestion of a large meal than following a 24-hour fast.

86) The pH of the blood in gastric veins A) is greater during digestion of a large meal than following a 24-hour fast. B) is greater following a 24-hour fast than during digestion of a large meal. C) is constant because of buffering. D) None of the answers are correct.

C) the hormone gastrin relaxes stomach smooth muscle.

87) The stomach is able to distend a great deal as it receives food because of all of the following, except that A) there is a great deal of loose tissue in the form of rugae. B) the smooth muscle of the stomach is very elastic. C) the hormone gastrin relaxes stomach smooth muscle. D) sympathetic stimulation decreases the tonus of the gastric smooth muscle. E) the gastric smooth muscle is very extensible.

B) has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.

88) The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it A) has folds in the mucosa. B) has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa. C) secretes digestive juice. D) moves by peristalsis. E) secretes digestive hormones.

E) 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 4

89) Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct description on the right (4-6): 1. intestinal phase 4. prepares stomach for arrival of food 2. gastric phase 5. stomach empties and decreases secretions 3. cephalic phase 6. stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme A) 1 and 4, 2 and 5, 3 and 6 B) 1 and 6, 2 and 4, 3 and 5 C) 1 and 5, 2 and 4, 3 and 6 D) 1 and 6, 2 and 5, 3 and 4 E) 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 4

B) a higher pH during gastric digestion.

91) A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in A) a lower pH during gastric digestion. B) a higher pH during gastric digestion. C) decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells. D) increased protein digestion in the stomach. E) decreased gastrin production.

B) regulates gastric emptying

92) What is the function of the structure labeled "6"? A) strains materials entering the stomach B) regulates gastric emptying C) mixes stomach juice into food D) controls contraction of stomach muscles E) prevents food from entering the esophagus

C) oblique muscle layer

93) Identify the structure labeled "10." A) longitudinal muscle layer B) circular muscle layer C) oblique muscle layer D) rugae E) submucosa

B) circular muscle layer

94) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) longitudinal muscle layer B) circular muscle layer C) oblique muscle layer D) submucosa E) rugae

D) longitudinal muscle layer

95) Identify the structure labeled "3." A) rugae B) circular muscle layer C) oblique muscle layer D) longitudinal muscle layer E) submucosa

D) fundus

96) Identify the stomach region labeled "12". A) cardia B) pylorus C) body D) fundus E) rugae

C) lesser curvature

97) Identify the structure labeled "5." A) fundus B) cardia C) lesser curvature D) greater curvature E) pylorus

E) 9

98) Which structure helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food? A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 9

E) pylorus

99) Identify the structure labeled "7." A) esophagus B) cardia C) lesser curvature D) greater curvature E) pylorus