Chapter 24: The muscular system
Muscle is made up of how much of body weight?
42 percent
Muscles are composed of:
75 percent water, 20 percent protein, and 5 percent carbohydrates,lipids, inorganic salts, and non-protein nitrogenous compounds.
Strain
A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon
Fibromyalgia
A fairly common condition that results in chronic pain, primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons. Pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
Rotator Cuff Tears
A tear in the tissues connecting muscle to bone (tendons) around the shoulder joint
Sprain
An injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are stretched too far and tear.
Temporalis
Closes jaw
What is the major muscle responsible for breathing?
Diaphragm
Tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
The major forms of MD are:
Duchenne MD Becker MD Limb-girdle MD Facioscapulohumeral MD Congenital MD Oculopharyngeal MD Distal MD Emery-Dreifuss MD Myotonic MD
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexes wrist and abducts hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexes wrist and abducts hand
Quadriceps group
Group of muscles, they extend the knee powerfully and help flex the hips; vastus, lateralis, vathe restus madialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.
Voluntary movement
Movement done after a decision to move.
Involuntary movement
Movement done without a decision being made to move
Each muscle is made of specialized cells:
Muscle fibers. They are also held together by connective tissue.
Hamstring group
Muscles causing movement at the knee. Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Digestion and Elimination
Muscles that line the digestive tract are made of smooth muscle tissue.
Energy production for muscle
Muscles use energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a type of chemical energy within the body's cell that is needed for sustained or repeated muscular contractions.
Orthoses
Orthopedic appliances used for support
Sternocleidomastoid
Pulls the head to one side, pulls the head toward the chest, or raises the sternum
RICE
R-rest= if the injured joint is too weight bearing, such as the ankle, it is ,important to use canes or other walking devices. I-ice= ice the sprain with a ice pack or ice compress. C- compression= compression bandages should be worn around the sprain to encourage proper healing. E-elevation= elevate the affected sprain as soon as possible after an injury.
Tendon
Strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Oxygen debt
The amount of oxygen "owed" to the body to enable recovery.
Insertion
The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin
Origin
The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone or the end opposite the insertion.
anaerobic (without oxygen)
The body uses glucose, known as glycogen, to make ATP without oxygen. This kind of energy production is useful for small bursts of energy rather than endurance.
Lipoatrophy
The loss of fat tissue related to repeated insulin injection to one site.
Atrophy
The wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to waste away.
Heat Production
This is what helps the body maintain a normal temperature. As a muscle contracts, it releases heat, making the person feel warmer. +Muscles contract and cause blood flow to the area increases heat
Lyme disease
Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. an inflammatory disease caused by bacteria trasmitted through the bite of infected deer ticks
Tetanus
a bacterial disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles and can lead to death.
Fascia
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
Contractures
a condition in which shortened muscles around joints cause abnormal and sometimes painful positioning of the joints.
Synergist
a muscle that acts with another muscle, most often a prime mover , to produce movement.
Antagonist
a muscle that counter acts, or opposes, the action of another muscle.
Prime mover or agonist
a muscle that is the primary actor in a given movement.
gluteus medius and minimus
abduct the thigh and rotates it laterally
Orbicularis oculi
allows the eyes to close
Orbicularis oris
allows the lips to pucker
Iliacus
also flexes the thigh
Serratus anterior
also known as the "boxer's muscle", pulls the scapula forward
Tendonitis
an inflammation in the tendon
Shin splints
are caused by inflammation of the periosteum of the extensor muscles of the lower leg and surrounding tissues.
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
gluteus maximus
butt, extends the thigh
Masseter
close the jaw
External obliques
compress the abdominal wall
Internal obliques
compress the abdominal wall
Transverse abdominis
compresses the abdominal wall
External intercostals
contraction expands and lowers the ribs during breathing
Internal intercostals
contraction expands and lowers the ribs during breathing
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
extend the wrist and abduct the hand
Extensor carpi radialis longus
extend the wrist and abduct the hand
Tricep brachii
extends the arm at the elbow
Extensor digitorum
extends the fingers but not the thumb
Extensor carpi ulnaris
extends the wrist
Brachialis
flexes the arm at the elbow
Briceps brachii
flexes the arm at the elbow and rotates the hand laterally
Flexor digitorum profundus
flexes the distal joints of the fingers but not the thumb
Gastrocnemics
flexes the foot and aids in pushing the body forward
Brachioradialis
flexes the forearm at the elbow
Psoas major
flexes the thigh
Rectus abdominis
flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall
Palmaris longus
flexes the wrist
Aerobic (with oxygen)
in the presence of oxygen, the body can use carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to make energy that is used by the muscles. This is the kind of energy used for endurance.
Smooth muscles
involuntary muscle, is composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cells.
Ganglion cyst
is a benign (noncancerorous) saclike swelling or cyst
Myasthenia Gravis
is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal or voluntary muscles of the body.
Cardiac muscles
is found in the heart. Cardiac muscles are both striated and involuntary. The average resting heart beat is 60 to 80 times a minute.
Tonicity
is the body's ability to maintain posture through a continual partial contraction of skeletal muscles.
The main functions of the muscular system include:
movement, stability, circulation, respiration, heat production, and aiding in digestion and elimination.
peroneus
muscle that raises the lateral edge of the foot and bends the foot downward
Sartorius
performs multiple functions such as Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at the hip; flexes knee, and crossing legs
Muscular dsytrophy
progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary m.uscles that control movement
Deltoid
provides for abduction and extension of the arm of the shoulder
Latissimus dorsi
provides for extension, adduction, and inward rotation of the arm
Platysma
pulls down the corners of the mouth
Pectoralis major
pulls the arm across the chest and also rotates and adducts the arms
Pectoralis minor
pulls the scapula downward and raise the ribs
Zygomatricus
pulls up the corners of the mouth
Trapezius
raises the arms and pulls the shoulders downward
Frontalis
raises the eyebrows
Aspiration
removal by suction of fluid within the cyst
Infraspinatus
rotates the arm laterally
Subscapularis
rotates the arm medully
supinator
rotates the forearm laterally
pronator teres
rotates the forearm medially
Splenius capitis
rotates the head and allows it to bend to the side
Diaphragm
separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, its contraction causes the process of inspiration
Skeletal muscles
sometimes called voluntary or striated muscles, can perform skeletal movement because it is attached to the bones of the body. Skeletal muscles is responsible
ligament
strong connective tissue that holds bones together in movable joints