chapter 24

mucosa muscularis serosa submucosa

* consists of anepithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue reffered to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle * through out most of the digestive tract * consists of a thin layer of connective tissue * conssists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves.

Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination. Instructions

1. ileocecal junction 2. cecum 3. colon 4. rectum 5. anual canal

Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase. Instructions

1. taste smell or though of food 2. stimulation of medulla oblongata 3. parasympathetic impulses are carried by the vagus nerve to the neurons of the enteric plexus. 4. postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion of gastrin and histamine 5. gastric secretion are relesed.

1. bicarbonate 2. proteolytic 3.amylase 4. lipase 5. nuclease

1. to rise the pH of the small intestine 2. chemical digestion 3. chemical digestion of polysaccharids 4.chemical digestion of fats 5. chemical digestion of DNA and RNA

The muscularis of the stomach consists of ______ layers.

3

Describe the cecum.

A rounded pouch located at the proximal end of the large intestine

______ digestion breaks covalent bonds in organic molecules through the action of digestive enzymes.

Chemical

Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.

Cystic duct

Identify the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.

Decrease in mucus production Thinning of tooth enamel Reduction in motility

Which are functions of the liver? Select all that apply.

Detoxification of harmful substances Production of bile Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Nutrient storage Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells Production of blood proteins including clotting factors

Identify the secretions of the small intestine. Select all that apply.

Disaccharidases Cholecystokinin Mucus Secretin Peptidases

True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.

F

What is the function of HCO3- when it is secreted by the large intestine?

It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.

Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids. Select all that apply.

Monoglycerides Fatty acids

Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.

Nasopharynx

Identify the structures that are involved in deglutition. Select all that apply.

Oropharynx Tongue Esophagus

Identify the process by which water is absorbed in the small intestine.

Osmosis

Identify the structures that secrete lipase. Select all that apply.

Pancreas Lingual glands

Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins. Select all that apply.

Pepsin Carboxypeptidase Trypsin Peptidases

Identify the functions of the liver. Select all that apply.

Production of bile Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals Phagocytosis Interconversion of nutrients Synthesis of new molecules

Identify the functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine. Select all that apply.

Protects intestinal lining Helps fecal matter stick together Lubricates colon wall

Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine. Select all that apply.

Segmental contractions Peristaltic contractions

Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.

Serotonin Acetylcholine Norepinephrine

Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs. Select all that apply.

Small intestine Stomach

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Storage and mixing chamber

True or False: The masseter and temporalis are muscles that move the mandible during mastication.

T

Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach.

The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.

How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?

The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.

Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.

These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.

True or False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.

True

Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption. Select all that apply.

Villi Circular folds Microvilli

The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are organs of the digestive system.

accessory organs

The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of _____.

active transport

The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

anterior

The muscle in the cheeks is the ______.

buccinator

The large intestine consists of the _____, and the anal canal.

cecum, colon, rectum

Stomach contents are called ______.

chyme

The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called

chyme

The submucosa consists of ______ tissue.

connective

Permanent teeth replace milk or teeth.

deciduous

Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of .

defecation

The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or .

degutition

The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.

enteric nervous system

The sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach and the sphincter is between the stomach and the small intestine. Listen to the complete question

esophageal pyloric

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the .

esophagus

During stomach filling the rugae _______.

flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume

The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the .

gallbladder

Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion. Select all that apply.

laryngopharynx oropharynx

Fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of _____.

lipids

vestibule oral cavity proper

lips and cheeks medial to the teeth

The largest internal organ of the body is the .

liver

Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine.

mass movements

Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.

masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

Large food particles are physically broken down into smaller food particles by digestion.

mechanical

The esophagus is in the ______.

mediastinum

The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.

mix, propel

Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.

nervous mechanisms chemical signals

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.

neurotransmitters, motility

The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the and the muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the .

orbicularis oris muscle buccinator muscle

Identify the organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen

pancreas

The majority of lipase is secreted by the _____.

pancreas

is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.

pancreas

Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.

parotid glands submandibular glands sublingual glands

The 3 large paired salivary glands are the , , and .

parotid glands submandibular glands sublingual glands

Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.

permanent, deciduous

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of ______.

proteins

Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs. Select all that apply.

salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas

Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract. Select all that apply.

serosa adventitia

The abdominal cavity is lined by membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.

serous

Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the ______.

small intestine

The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ______.

small intestine

The majority of ion absorption occurs in the ______.

small intestine

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the ______.

small intestine

Cholecystokinin, secretin and the vagus nerve all ______ the release of pancreatic juices.

stimulate

Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.

stomach

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium. Select all that apply.

stomach large intestine small intestine

The layer of the digestive tract that consists of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands, and a network of nerve cells is the

submucosa

The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the .

tongue

True or False: Throughout the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of 2 layers of muscles, except the stomach, which has 3 layers.

true

True or False: Water absorption in the small intestine occurs as a result of osmosis.

true

The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.

vestibule, oral cavity proper

The proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the .

cecum

Cardiac sphincter Cardiac sphincter drop zone empty. Pyloric sphincter Pyloric sphincter drop zone empty. Body Body drop zone empty. Fundus Fundus drop zone empty. Pyloric part

1. Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach 2.constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine 3.Largest part of the stomach 4.The rounded superior portion of the stomach 5.Funnel shaped part of the stomach

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels. Instructions

1. Duodenum 2. jejunum 3. Ileum

The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.

3-2

The hepatic lobule is a _____ -sided structure with a(n) _____ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.

6, portal

Describe a hepatic lobule.

A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner

Identify the components of pancreatic juice. Select all that apply.

Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest proteins Enzymes to digest lipids Enzymes to digest carbohydrates

Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juices. Select all that apply.

Cholecystokinin Vagus nerve Secretin

Select the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.

Decreases in the amount of mucus secreted Decline in the liver's ability to detoxify chemicals

The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.

cephalic

The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called

mass movements

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Select all that apply.

mouth oropharynx esophagus anal canal

Chemical digestion of starch due to secretion of enzymes occurs in the ______. Select all that apply.

mouth small intestine