Chapter 24

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) postabsorptive state B) absorptive state C) starvation period D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest

A) absorptive state

Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups. A) beta oxidation B) lipolysis C) ketogenesis D) lipogenesis

A) beta oxidation

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins

A) fats

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________. A) urea B) ammonia C) acetyl CoA D) ketone bodies

A) urea

Produces the most ATP. A) Glycolysis B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle C) Electron transport chain

C) Electron transport chain

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels

C) breaksdown complex structures to simpler ones

Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan. A) radiation B) evaporation C) convection D) conduction

C) convection

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) adequate essential amino acids B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet D) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea

C) excessive amount of protiens in the diet

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose. A) glycolysis B) glycogenolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) glycogenesis

C) gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is NOT true of beta oxidation? A) It occurs in the mitochondria. B) The carbon in the beta (third) position is oxidized during the process. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments.

C) it involes the anabolism of fats

Formation of ketone bodies. A) beta oxidation B) lipolysis C) ketogenesis D) lipogenesis

C) ketogenesis

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization

C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) vitamins

C) protiens

Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production? A) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B) shivering C) sweating D) enhanced thyroxine release

C) sweating

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to urea C) transferred to a keto acid D) converted to ammonia

C) transferred to a keto acid

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP

D) break down food molecules and generate ATP

Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. A) glycolysis B) glycogenolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) glycogenesis

D) glycogensis

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body? A) promote weight loss with activity B) protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation C) shrink fat stores D) increase appetite and food intake

D) increase appetite and food intake

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine D) insulin

D) insulin

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) calcium and phosphorus B) sulfur and potassium C) sodium and chlorine D) iron and selenium

D) iron and selenium

Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids. A) beta oxidation B) lipolysis C) ketogenesis D) lipogenesis

D) lipogenesis

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) gluconeogenesis B) fat utilization C) lipogenesis D) lipolysis

D) lipolysis

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

D) must cointain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenace and growth

When blood is cooler than the hypothalamic set point, the person may ________. A) pant B) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels C) perspire heavily D) shiver

D) shiver

The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

D) the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) cholesterol B) phospholipids C) fatty acids D) triglycerides

D) triglycerides

True/False Questions The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat.

F

True/False Questions The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.

F

True/False Questions There are NO nutritionally complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a nutritionally complete protein.

F

True/False Questions Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.

F

True/False Questions When blood glucose levels are low, the body begins to use more noncarbohydrate fuels for energy production. This process is called glucose activation.

F

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) No metabolism occurs. D) Only glucose metabolism occurs.

A) Anabolic processes exceed carabolic ones

The ________ acts as the body's thermostat. A) hypothalamus B) liver C) epithalamus D) skin

A) Hypothalamus

A recent health screening revealed a low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) level over 130. Which of the following should be prescribed? A) statins B) iron C) insulin D) glucagon

A) STATINS

Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substrate molecule. A) Glycolysis B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle C) Electron transport chain

B) Crtric acid (krebs) cycle

Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. C) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.

B) Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, the ________ continues to burn glucose while virtually every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids as its major energy source. A) liver B) brain C) pancreas D) spleen

B) brain

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) formation of sugar

B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Heat loss during sweating. A) radiation B) evaporation C) convection D) conduction

B) evaporation

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) lactic acid

B) fatty acid

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) protein

B) glucose

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules C) glycogen is formed D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

B) glucose is formed from nonccarbohydrate molecules

Formation of glucose from proteins or fats. A) glycolysis B) glycogenolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) glycogenesis

B) glycogenolysis

Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) citric acid (Krebs) cycle D) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

B) glycolysis

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed

B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. A) beta oxidation B) lipolysis C) ketogenesis D) lipogenesis

B) lipolysis

Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) utilize hydrogenases B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons C) are rarely coupled together D) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen

B) may invole the loss of hydrogen and electrons

What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) glycogen buildup E) glucogenesis

B) metabolic acidosis

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining basal metabolic rate (BMR). A) norepinephrine B) thyroxine C) prolactin D) ADH

B) thyroxine

Which of the following is a source of complex carbohydrates? A) fruit juice B) potatoes C) pudding D) soda

B)potatoes

Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons. A) Glycolysis B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle C) Electron transport chain

C) Electron transport chian

True/False Questions Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.

T

True/False Questions For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.

T

True/False Questions Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.

T

True/False Questions Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.

T

True/False Questions High levels of HDLs are considered good.

T

True/False Questions In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed.

T

True/False Questions It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.

T

True/False Questions Peptides called NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (agouti-related peptides) are powerful appetite enhancers.

T

True/False Questions The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by their age, size, metabolic rate, and the need to build new proteins (whether the body is in positive nitrogen balance).

T

True/False Questions The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.

T

True/False Questions The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.

T

True/False Questions The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.

T

True/False Questions Triglycerides and cholesterol do NOT circulate freely in the bloodstream.

T

Many factors influence basal metabolic rate (BMR). What is the most critical factor? A) the way an individual metabolizes fat B) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) an individual's body weight

C) the ratio of surface area to volume of the body

Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

D) celluar ATP and glucose levels are high

Heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on. A) radiation B) evaporation C) convection D) conduction

D) conduction

Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) control of blood volume C) noninflammatory responses D) control of blood pressure

D) control of blood pressure

Which of the choices below is NOT a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) ATP production B) lipogenesis C) amino acid synthesis D) direct conversion to a nucleic acid E) glycogenesis

D) direct converion to a nuleic acid

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis. A) insulin B) thyroxine C) cortisol D) glucagon

D) glucagon

True/False Questions Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.

F

True/False Questions Glycogen accounts for 80-85% of stored energy in the body.

F

True/False Questions Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.

F

True/False Questions The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.

F

True/False Questions The major role of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) is to store energy in the form of fat.

F

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycerol B) glycogen C) acetyl Co A D) glucagon

A) glycerol

Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) glycogenolysis B) triglyceride anabolism C) protein anabolism D) lipogenesis

A) glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. A) glycolysis B) glycogenolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) glycogenesis

A) glycolysis

Glucose serves as the initial reactant. A) Glycolysis B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle C) Electron transport chain

A) glycolysis

Occurs in the cytosol of a cell. A) Glycolysis B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle C) Electron transport chain

A) glycolysis

Red blood cells lack mitochondria. As a result, ATP production is solely through ________. A) glycolysis B) citric acid (Krebs) cycle C) electron transport chain D) aerobic respiration

A) glycolysis

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

A) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration

A) the energy the body needs to preform only its most essential activities

Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of the steroid

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) liver B) muscles C) brain D) blood

A) liver

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) lactic acid production D) oxidation reactions

A) oxidative phosphorylation

What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) phosphorylation B) beta oxidation C) cellular respiration D) glycolysis

A) phosphorylation

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) production of energy B) production of some hormones C) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies D) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes

A) production of energy

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.

A) protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis

Heat loss in the form of infrared waves. A) radiation B) evaporation C) convection D) conduction

A) radiation

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) release of epinephrine B) sympathetic sweat gland activation C) increase in ADH production D) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

A) relase of epinephrine

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. B) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. C) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a citric acid cycle intermediate. D) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage.

A) the amino acid pool is the body's total supply amino acid in the body's proteins

Which of the following is NOT a function of low-density-lipoproteins (LDLs)? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for hormone synthesis C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane formation D) assist in the storage of cholesterol when supply exceeds demand

A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver

In India, rice is a large part of the diet. Lack of which vitamin in rice would lead to higher levels of blindness in this population? A) vitamin A B) vitamin E C) vitamin C D) vitamin D

A) vitamin a

Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. B) All proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.

C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested

Which of the choices below is NOT a source of blood glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) glycogenolysis in the liver B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract D) catabolism of cellular protein

C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract

In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) glyceraldehyde B) pyruvic acid C) ammonia D) oxaloacetic acid

C) ammonia

Which term describes the action of an endurance runner the night before the race as she "carbo-loads" when eating a large pasta dinner? A) glycolysis B) glycogenolysis C) glycogenesis D) gluconeogenesis

C) glycogenesis

While traveling abroad in Africa you observe a large number of people with goiter (enlarged thyroid). Which mineral deficiency could be responsible for this? A) chromium B) iron C) iodine D) fluorine

C) iodine

At the conclusion of glycolysis, most of glucose's chemical energy is found in the ________. A) NADH B) ATP C) pyruvic acid molecules D) acetyl CoA

C) pyruvic molecules

Which of the following is NOT an important function of the liver? A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) synthesis of vitamin K D) protein metabolism

C) synthesis of vitamin K

Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat transfer used by the body? A) radiation B) conduction/convection C) evaporation D) shivering

D) shivering

Heat-loss mechanisms do NOT include ________. A) reducing activity B) the evaporation of sweat C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

True/False Questions Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.

F

True/False Questions Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.

F

True/False Questions Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.

F