Chapter 25
calcium
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is
All of the answers are correct
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? structural maintenance growth and repair produce secretions store nutrients All of the answers are correct
All of the answers are correct
During glycolysis a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid four molecules of ATP are produced two molecules of ATP are consumed hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules All of the answers are correct
muscle proteins are used as an energy source
During starvation
the liver forms glycogen
During the absorptive state,
36 ATP
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?
vitamin A
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of
the movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane
In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from
a coenzyme
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another
All of the answers are correct
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it helps waterproof the epidermis is a lipid component of all cell membranes is a key constituent of bile is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3 All of the answers are correct
Electron Transport System
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the
citric acid cycle and ETS
Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following: citric acid cycle and ETS glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and ETS citric acid cycle only glycolysis only ETS only
the mitochondria
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Sometimes called "good cholesterol," ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
outer membrane
The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid
the citric acid cycle
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
mitochondrial matrix
The citric acid cycle occurs in the
urea
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)
The end products of aerobic respiration are
ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid
The end products of glycolysis are
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
chylomicrons
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are
radiation
The loss of infrared energy from the body is called
supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria
The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
chloride
The major anion in body fluids is
sodium
The major cation in extracellular fluid is
fats
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
metabolism
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
K
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
D
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin
A
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
E
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of cell membranes and fatty acids is vitamin
glucose
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest
iron
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is
phosphate
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.
a tall, very slender person
Assuming they all weigh the same and maintain the same body temperature, which of the following would lose heat the fastest? a short, thickly built person a tall, very slender person a person of average build
a metal ion
Each cytochrome contains
10
For humans, there are ________ essential amino acids
All of the answers are correct
Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues? They decrease the use of glucose They increase gluconeogenesis They increase glycogenolysis They promote glucose synthesis All of the answers are correct
All of the answers are correct
Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe elevated levels of glucocorticoids ketone bodies in his urine decreased blood pH decreased blood glucose level All of the answers are correct
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae
What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
60%
What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat?
reduced; oxidized
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
postabsorptive state
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the