Chapter 25 SB
Put these four general phases of glycolysis in order.
1. Input of ATP 2. Cleavage of sugar 3. NADH production 4. ATP/pyruvic acid production
The AMDR for proteins is Blank______% of total kilocalories.
10-35
Reference Daily Intakes are based on the ______ RDAs for certain vitamins and minerals.
1968
The citric acid cycle produces ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ FADH2 per "turn" of the cycle.
1;3;1
How many ATP molecules are used in glycolysis?
2
A typical American diet derives ______% of its kilocalories from lipids.
35-45
During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATPs, ______ NADHs, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced
4, 2, 2
Glucose provides the energy required for the body to synthesize _____.
ATP
Chlorine
Acid-base balance
Describe the reaction called phosphorylation.
Addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule
Identify the water soluble vitamins.
B C
Glucose molecules are broken down to provide energy for the production of the molecule abbreviated as____________ , with the full name of_______________________ .
Blank 1: ATP Blank 2: adenosine triphosphate
Vitamin A is _______________soluble, while vitamin B is ___________________soluble.
Blank 1: fat or lipid Blank 2: water
The six classes of nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
Blank 1: vitamins Blank 2: minerals Blank 3: water
Calcium
Bone matrix formation
Identify the minerals involved in bone and teeth formation.
Calcium Phosphorus
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all forms of which class of macromolecule?
Carbohydrates
What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body?
Cellular fuel
Which carbohydrate provides bulk for feces?
Cellulose
The production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 occurs in what phase of aerobic respiration?
Citric acid cycle
The process of converting lactic acid to glucose is called the ____________cycle.
Cori
List the three principle forms of carbohydrates.
Disaccharides Monosaccharides Polysaccharides
Identify the phases of the aerobic respiration pathway.
Electron transport chain Glycolysis Production of acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle
Which of the following is NOT a class of nutrients? Vitamins Water Minerals Proteins Enzymes Lipids
Enzymes
______ fatty acids cannot be be synthesized by the human body and must be ingested.
Essential
What carries heat away when the skin is covered in sweat?
Evaporation
True or false: Nonessential fatty acids are those that must be consumed in the diet because the liver cannot synthesize them.
False
Which type of fats would be most important to avoid in protecting the body against heart disease?
Fats that are solid at room temperature
Identify examples of monosaccharides. Select all that apply.
Fructose Galactose Glucose
What molecule serves as a short-term storage molecule for glucose?
Glycogen
Which of the following are part of carbohydrate metabolism?
Glycolysis Electron transport chain Citric acid cycle
Iron
Hemoglobin component
What is the function of glycogen?
It stores energy and can be broken down into glucose when needed.
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron-transport chain?
Oxygen
Identify functions of cholesterol.
Precursor for steroid hormones Structural component of the plasma membrane Precursor for bile salts
Daily Values are based on the reference values called ______.
RDI DRV
Which of the following does NOT occur during the citric acid cycle?
Reduction of oxygen
Potassium
Resting membrane potential in muscles
Which best describes the electron transport chain?
Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP
Which are dietary disaccharides?
Sucrose Lactose Maltose
In the negative feedback loop that controls body temperature, what reactions would be involved if body temperature became too high?
Sweating Vasodilation of skin blood vessels
Iodine
Thyroid hormone production
How does the body synthesize nonessential amino acids?
Transamination
True or False: The body's main energy-storage molecules are lipids.
True
True or false: Amino acids are not stored by the body.
True
True or false: Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble.
True
Name the vitamin that promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization
Vitamin D
What nutrients are important for enzyme function, ATP production, DNA and RNA synthesis, and blood clotting?
Vitamins
Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?
Vitamins
Choose examples of essential nutrients.
Water Most vitamins Minerals
What are the classifications of vitamins?
Water-soluble and fat-soluble
When do muscle cells use anaerobic respiration?
When no oxygen is available
The tissue type that serves the body by storing energy, protecting organs, and preventing heat loss ____________tissue.
adipose
Triglycerides are stored in _________ tissue.
adipose
Proteins are composed of ______.
amino acids
Which of the following are NOT stored in the body?
amino acids
The production of ATP, cell division, and the manufacture of hormones are all examples of ______ reactions
anabolic
The production of ATP, cell division, and the manufacture of hormones are all examples of ______ reactions.
anabolic
Lactate is produced during ______ respiration
anaerobic
In the absence of oxygen, a human cell may resort to an anaerobic reaction to produce energy. This process is called ______.
anaerobic respiration
Amino acids ______ stored in the body.
are not
Triglycerides are important ______.
as a source of energy
Cholesterol ______ be made by the liver.
can
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are part of the metabolism of
carbohydrates
Digestion of foods and glycolysis are both good examples of ______ reactions.
catabolic
The term used for all energy-releasing chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller molecules is
catabolism
An organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to make it functional is called a(n)
coenzyme
A(n) ____________is small organic molecule, usually derived from a vitamin, that is needed to make an enzyme catalytically active.
coenzyme or cofactor
Proteins described as being _________________ proteins are those that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance
complete
Proteins that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions are said to be ______.
complete
Choose the location within the cell where glycolysis occurs.
cytoplasm
Minerals are divided into two groups based on
daily requirement
The standards that appear on food labels to help consumers plan a healthy diet and are usually based on 2000 kcal/day diets are called _____.
daily values
Lipids are the body's main ________________-storage molecule
energy
Phrases that represent catabolism are ______.
energy-releasing breakdown of large molecules
Descriptions that represent anabolism are ______.
energy-requiring synthesis of large molecules
Nutrients that the body needs but is incapable of synthesizing in adequate amounts are called ______ nutrients.
essential
Cholesterol is a precursor for ______.
estrogen bile salts testosterone
Sweat wets the skin surface and its ___________ carries heat away.
evaporation
Fatty acids that are released into the blood from adipose tissue are called
free fatty acids
Which monosaccharide is called fruit sugar
fructose
Starch and glycogen are hydrolyzed into individual ______ molecules before absorption into the blood.
glucose
The liver converts galactose to ______, which can be used to make ATP.
glucose
The first step of glycolysis produces
glucose-6-phosphate
The first step of glycolysis produces ______.
glucose-6-phosphate
The chains of glucose molecules that serve as short-term energy storage in muscle and liver are called ______ molecules.
glycogen
The storage form of glucose that is rapidly converted back to glucose when blood sugar levels are low is called .
glycogen
The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid is ______.
glycolysis
Shivering and vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels will result in a(n) ______ in body temperature.
increase
Vasodilation in the skin ______ blood flow to the skin.
increases
Essential nutrients are also called ______ nutrients.
indispensable
The end product of anaerobic fermentation is __________________(one word) acid.
lactic
Which disaccharide is called milk sugar?
lactose
Lactic acid is converted back into pyruvate in the
liver
Inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water are Blank______.
minerals
Inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolic functions are called
minerals
After glycolysis, pyruvic acid moves from the cytosol into ______ to complete the remaining phases of aerobic respiration.
mitochondria
A proton pump moves a hydrogen ion from the ______ into the ______.
mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space
Amino acids that are required for protein synthesis but that do not need to be ingested are categorized as ______.
nonessential
The process in which the body obtains and uses food is called______.
nutrition
The term for the overall process by which the body obtains and utilizes components of food is
nutrition
An unsaturated fatty acid where the first double bond starts three carbon atoms after the methyl end is called a(n) ______ fatty acid.
omega-3
Coenzymes are ______.
organic
Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another are
oxidation-reduction reactions
Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another are ______.
oxidation-reduction reactions
A molecule is ______ when it loses an electron.
oxidized
The liver oxidizes lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when ____________ becomes available again.
oxygen
The adding of a phosphate group to a molecule is ______.
phosphorylation
The class of nutrients called ______ provides our chief dietary source of nitrogen.
proteins
Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a ______ pump that removes H+ from the mitochondrial matrix and pumps it into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
proton
In the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are moved from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix by
proton pumps
In the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are moved from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix by ______.
proton pumps
In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to ______ acid, thus reducing it to ______ acid and regenerating NAD.
pyruvic, lactic
A molecule is ______ when it gains electrons, and a molecule is ______ when it loses electrons.
reduced, oxidized
Most glycogen in the body is stored in
skeletal muscle and the liver
If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, ______ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.
sweating
Important roles for vitamins are ______.
synthesis of DNA and RNA ATP production pathways growth of different body tissues blood clotting
Monosaccharides are absorbed into ______.
the blood
Fatty acids can be classified as omega-3 and omega-6 based on ______.
the position of their double bond
The types of lipids that have been linked to cardiovascular disease are
trans fats saturated fats cholesterol
The primary process by which nonessential amino acids are formed involves transferring an amine group from an amino acid to the keto acid in a reaction called
transamination
The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid is called ______.
transamination
A macromolecule that consists of a glycerol and three fatty acids is classified as a ______.
triglyceride
Ninety-five percent of dietary lipids are _________________ . They consist of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids.
triglyceride, triacylglycerol, or triglycerides
Most lipids in the human diet _______.
triglycerides
The vast majority of the lipids in the human diet are in the form of
triglycerides
The overall products of glycolysis are ______.
two NADHs four ATPs two pyruvic acid molecules
An omega-3 fatty acid is an example of a(n) ______ fatty acid.
unsaturated
In the negative feedback loop controlling body temperature, the skin blood vessels would ______ and ______ would increase heat production when the body temperature becomes too low.
vasoconstrict, shivering
Vitamin B is an example of a ______-soluble vitamin.
water