Chapter 25 the reproductive system

Describe testicular cancer

Affects 1 of 50,000 males • Commonly from early-stage spermatogenic cells • Increase of 50% from 1974 - 1990 • Cured in 95% of cases

What does the placenta do and when is it fully formed

Exchanges across the chorionic villi between maternal and fetal blood • Provide fetus with nutrients and oxygen • Dispose of its wastes • Allow hormonal signals to be sent to the mother • By week 13 the placenta is fully formed

what is menopause

Female reproductive peak - late 20s • Around age 35 - rate of follicle degeneration increases • Ovulation and menstruation cease - age 46-54 • Ovaries stop secreting estrogen • Reproductive organs and breasts begin to atrophy

What is the uterine cycle

Series of cyclic phases of the endometrium • Phases coordinate with the ovarian cycle • Endometrial phases directed by FSH and LH

Prostate cancer

Slow-growing - arises from peripheral glands • Risk factors • Fatty diet • Genetic predisposition

What do the ovaries do

Small, almond-shaped organs • Held in place by ligaments and mesenteries • Broad ligament • Suspensory ligament • Ovarian ligament • Ovarian arteries - arterial supply

Events leading to fertilization

Sperm binds to the zona pellucida • Undergoes the acrosomal reaction • Fusion of oocyte and sperm plasma membranes -cortical reaction -ferilization

Involuntary contraction of this smooth muscle layer wrinkles and thickens the walls of the scrotum to prevent heat loss. tunica vaginalis internal spermatic fascia tunica albuginea cremaster muscle dartos muscle

dartos muscle

What do myoid cells do

surround seminiferous tubules

All of the following are adaptations for keeping the testes cool except the pampiniform plexus of veins. cremaster and dartos. testicular artery. descent of the testes into the scrotum before birth.

testicular artery

Leydig cells secrete what

testosterone

Layers of muscles in the scrotum

Dartos muscle - layer of smooth muscle • Cremaster muscle - bands of skeletal muscle surrounding the testes • Elevates the testes

What does the epididymis do

Duct of the epididymis is 6m long (when uncoiled) • Dominated by pseudostratified columnar epithelium • Bears tufts of stereocilia - immotile, long microvilli • 20-day journey for sperm to move through • Gain the ability to swim and to fertilize an egg

Describe the prostate gland

Encircles the prostatic urethra • Consists of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands • Secretes about 25-30% of seminal fluid • Contains substances that • enhance sperm motility • clot and liquefy semen -accessory organ

What is the cortical reaction

Enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to the egg

What are the 3 mammary glands

breasts: modified sweat glands glandular structure: underdeveloped in non-pregnant women milk production: starts after childbirth

A cancer that is often caused by a human papilloma virus is __________. cervical cancer endometrial cancer breast cancer ovarian cancer prostate cancer testicular cancer

cervical cancer

Fertilization

chromosomes of male and female gametes join

What is the tunica albuginea

fibrous capsule of the testes • Divides each testis into 250-300 lobules • Lobules contain 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules

The opening of the oviduct is surrounded by these structures. cardinal ligaments fimbriae internal os external os isthmus

fimbriae

The function of the pampiniform plexus of veins is to help prevent hernias. help cool blood. form hydroceles. form the outer wall of the spermatic cord.

help cool blood

Type of cell in the testes that produces testosterone. sustentocytes interstitial spermatid spermatogonium primary spermatocyte

interstitial

The zona pellucida is a protective shell around the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization to occur. is the region of the uterine tube where fertilization occurs. is the portion of the placenta in which maternal blood contacts fetal tissues. is the remnant of the vesicular follicle that becomes the corpus luteum.

is a protective shell around the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization to occur.

What are columnar sustentacular cells

support cells

The vaginal fornix surrounds the tip of the cervix. is in the superior part of the vestibule. surrounds the external vaginal orifice. is in the middle layer of the vaginal wall.

surrounds the tip of the cervix.

The seminal vesicle lies where

the posterior surface of the urinary bladder

The usual site of embryo implantation is the peritoneal cavity. uterine tube. uterus. vagina.

uterus

What makes up the spermatocord

vas deferens, testicular artery, venus system (pampiniform venous plexus)

Phases of the uterine cycle and the days

• Menstrual phase - days 1-5 • Stratum functionalis is shed • Proliferative phase - days 6-14 • Secretory phase - days 15-28

Breast cancer and treatment

• Second most common cause of cancer deaths in women • 97% occurs in women over 50 Treatment • Surgical removal of the mass (lumpectomy) • Radiation therapy • Administration of selected hormones • Chemotherapy

Ovarian cancer arise from what type of cells

• arises from cells in the germinal epithelium

Endometrial cancer arise from what

• arises from the endometrium of the uterus

Which of the following statements regarding an ectopic pregnancy is correct? It usually occurs in a uterine tube. It can occur anywhere in the intraperitoneal region if the zygote does not enter the uterine tube. If it occurs in a uterine tube, it can rupture and lead to internal bleeding that may be life threatening. All of the listed responses are correct

all are correct

The seminal vesicles secrete digestive enzymes when cancerous. store sperm. are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen. empty into the epididymis.

are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen.

What does the female reproductive system produce and what does it do

gametes (ova) -Prepares to support a developing embryo • Undergoes changes according to the menstrual cycle

What is the importance of the blood-testis barrier? It ensures that sperm remain isolated from ova until a mature ovum has reached an appropriate fertilization location in the female reproductive tract. It prevents escape of membrane antigens of differentiating sperm through the basal lamina and into the blood, where they would activate the immune system. It prevents spermatids from being released from the seminiferous tubule in an immature state. It forms a continuous barrier between sustentocytes and developing spermatocytes to prevent cross-contamination of genetic material.

it prevents escape of membrane antigens of differentiating sperm through the basal lamina and into the blood, where they would activate the immune system.

The acrosomal reaction occurs during placentation. just before fertilization. during meiosis of the sperm. during spermiogenesis.

just before fertilization

Which of the following is NOT a function of sustentocytes? secreting testicular fluid secreting inhibin secreting testosterone phagocytizing cytoplasm shed by spermatids conveying nutrients to spermatogenic cells

secreting testosterone

The testes are enclosed in what

serous sac, the tunica vaginalis

The scrotum

skin and superficial fascia surrounding the testes -• Positioning provides an environment 3˚ cooler than body temperature

Cervical cancer arises from what

slow-growing, arises from epithelium at the tip of the cervix

Parturition

266 days after fertilization giving birth

Syncytiotrophoblast

-secretes substances that regulate events of pregnancy • Suppress mother's T lymphocytes • Hormones

Describe when ovulation occurs and what happens

- occurs about halfway through each ovarian cycle • Oocyte exits from one ovary • Enters the peritoneal cavity • Is swept into the uterine tube

What are sustentacular cells

-Surround spermatogenic cells • Extend from basal lamina to the lumen • Tight junctions between cells • Blood-testis barrier

The journey through the epididymis takes sperm about __________ and by the end of that process, __________. 75 days / one primary spermatocyte has developed into four spermatids 15 minutes / they have been nourished by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland 30 seconds / sperm are ejaculated with semen 20 days / they can swim and fertilize anovum through the acrosomal reaction

20 days / they can swim and fertilize anovum through the acrosomal reaction

Identify the correct list of reproductive organs that spermatozoa pass through after they are produced in seminiferous tubules, ending just before they exit the body at the external urethral orifice. Use this numbered key to make your choice. 1. ampulla of ductus deferens 2. testis 3. spongy urethra 4. ductus deferens 5. straight tubule 6. duct of the epididymis 7. prostatic urethra 8. efferent ductile 9. membranous urethra 10. ejaculatory duct 1 - 2 - 8 - 4 - 1 - 10 - 6 - 7 - 9 - 3 2 - 5 - 6 - 8 - 1 - 4 - 10 - 9 - 7 - 3 4 - 2 - 5 - 8 - 1 - 6 - 7 - 10 - 9 - 3 5 - 2 - 8 - 6 - 4 - 1 - 10 - 7 - 9 - 3

5 - 2 - 8 - 6 - 4 - 1 - 10 - 7 - 9 - 3

The secretion of the seminal vesicles makes up about __________% of the volume of semen, and the secretion contains __________. 20 / substances that allow a sperm to fertilize an egg 25â€"30 / substances that clot and then liquefy semen less than 5 / mucus that neutralizes traces of urine from the urethra 60 / fructose, prostaglandins, substances that enhance sperm motility

60 / fructose, prostaglandins, substances that enhance sperm motility

What is oogenesis

Includes chromosomal reduction division of meiosis • Takes many years to complete

What is the bulbourethral gland

Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland • Produce a mucus • Mucus enters spongy urethra prior to ejaculation • Cleanses and lubricates urethra and enhances pH for fertilization

What does the seminal vesicle do

Secretes about 60% of the volume of semen • Fluid contains • Fructose to nourish sperm • Other substances to enhance fertilization • To stimulate uterus contraction • Suppress immune response • Enhance sperm motility • To clot semen and then liquefy for sperm to leave semen -accessory organ

Seminiferous tubules

Separated by areolar connective tissue • Epithelium consists of • Spermatogenic cells - sperm-forming cells • Columnar sustentacular cells - support cells

In what way are the prostate and the bulbourethral glands similar? Their secretions contain substances that enhance sperm motility and enzymes that clot semen. Their secretions are important in screening men for cancer. They are both compound tubuloalveolar glands. They have a honeycomb pattern in cross section and their epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

They are both compound tubuloalveolar glands.

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules? They assist in transferring heat from arterial blood, cooling it before the blood enters the testes. They secrete the fluid that cleanses the urethra just before ejaculation. They are the location where sperm gain motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum. They are the site of sperm manufacture.

They are the site of sperm manufacture.

The largest macroscopic region of the uterus is its fundus. fornix. cervix. body.

body

The phases of the uterine cycle occur in the following order. luteal phase (days 1-14); ovulation (day 14); secretory phase (days 15-28) menstrual phase (days 1-5); proliferative phase (days 6-14); secretory phase (days 15-28) proliferative phase (days 1-5); menstrual phase (days 6-14); secretory phase (days 15-28) follicular phase (days 1-5); luteal phase (days 6-14); ovulatory phase (days 15-28) follicular phase (days 1-14); ovulation (day 14); luteal phase (days 15-28)

menstrual phase (days 1-5); proliferative phase (days 6-14); secretory phase (days 15-28)

This layer of the uterus contracts during parturition to expel the baby. endometrium myometrium perimetrium stratum functionalis stratum basalis

mypmetrium

Describe when and what happens during the luteal phase

occurs after ovulation • Remaining follicle becomes a corpus luteum • Secretes progesterone • Acts to prepare for implantation of an embryo

The female uterine cycle begins every six weeks. at ovulation. at the end of menstruation. on the first day of menstruation.

on the first day of menstruation.

For each oogonium that undergoes meiosis, how many eggs result? four three two one

one

Describe what spermatogenesis is

sperm formation • Begins at puberty - 400 million sperm per day • Cells differentiate and move toward the lumen • Stage 1 - formation of spermatocytes • Stage 2 - meiosis • Stage 3 - spermiogenesis • Spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa

What are sperm forming cells called

spermatogenic cells

What can diffuse across from mother to fetus

sugars, fats, and oxygen

All of the following are located within the spermatic cord except the ductus deferens. superficial inguinal ring. pampiniform plexus. testicular artery.

superficial inguinal ring