Chapter 25

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.

70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual

What is meant by the term balanced diet?

A balanced diet supplies all ingredients to maintain homeostasis.

Where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.

HDLs

During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes is induced in the patient's body?

Hypothermia

What happens to oxygen when it functions as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

It becomes part of a water molecule.

What is a complete protein?

It contains all the essential amino acids.

What lipoproteins transport cholesterol to cells of the body?

LDL

Which of the following tissues contains no reserves of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins and can metabolize only glucose? Neural tissue Skeletal muscle Adipose tissue Liver tissue

Neural tissue

NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?

Niacin

Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?

The body cannot synthesize these nutrients in sufficient quantities.

The production of ATP provides energy to support anabolism as well as other cell functions. Which of the following is NOT supported by energy from ATP?

The diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane.

Metabolism refers to __________.

all the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.

all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities

The attachment of an amine group in the synthesis of an amino acid is called __________.

amination

The mechanism of heat loss that involves the skin and alveoli of the lung is _______.

evaporation

The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the liver is __________.

high-density lipoprotein

The most important factor of good nutrition is obtaining nutrients __________.

in sufficient quantities and qualities

Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she cannot lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that brown fat is present primarily in __________.

infants

All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism are called __________.

metabolism

When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules can be __________.

catabolized for energy, used to build energy reserves, and used for growth and tissue repair

The first step in the sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.

citric acid

A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates in order to __________.

obtain energy

In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss of electrons is called __________.

oxidation

Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are exported and bound to __________.

proteins

During the catabolism of glucose, some energy is captured by __________ molecules, while the rest of the energy is lost mainly as ________.

reduced; heat

A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________.

slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

If excess glucose remains in the blood circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use the glucose to __________.

synthesize triglycerides

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

two ATP for the cell

Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.

usually unable to metabolize other molecules

The flow and transformation of energy is called __________.

energetics

For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.

36 molecules of ATP

What is the total ATP production just from the acetyl-CoA fragments of an 18-carbon fatty acid?

108

Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and played with her friends at recess in temperatures just above 20 degrees Fahrenheit. In fact, administrators would not close her school until temperatures reached 5 degrees Fahrenheit. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?

Acclimatization

Catabolizing fatty acids by beta-oxidation results in the formation of what product?

Acetyl-CoA

When considering the chemicals in the nutrient pool, which chemical is LEAST likely to be broken down to supply energy for the cell?

Amino acids

Which nutrient in the nutrient pool is most often used to replace structural and functional components of the cell?

Amino acids

Which of the following people would not likely be in positive nitrogen balance? Growing children Athletes in training An elderly grandmother A pregnant woman

An elderly grandmother

Cells in our body are constantly building new molecules to replace worn-out structures. This process is what part of cellular metabolism?

Anabolism

Which lipoprotein carries dietary triglycerides to the liver?

Chylomicrons

What is the term for the direct transfer of heat energy through physical contact?

Conduction

Which of the following is a nitrogen-containing compound that is important for energy storage in muscle tissue? Creatine Porphyrin Glycoprotein Pyrimidine

Creatine

If the cells are catabolizing amino acids for energy, what is the first step in amino acid catabolism?

Deamination

Which of the following is NOT a way your body generates or conserves heat? Decreased sweat production Decreased metabolic rate Shunting blood flow away from the skin surface Shivering

Decreased metabolic rate

What is the term for an amino acid that either cannot be synthesized or is not synthesized in adequate amounts in the body?

Essential amino acid

Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively uncommon?

Excessive amounts of these vitamins are readily excreted in the urine.

In the nutrient pool, which chemical is best suited for storage of energy content?

Fatty acids

What happens to a glucose molecule as a result of the reactions of glycolysis?

Formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid

Which of the following is not one of the N compounds (nitrogen-containing compounds) in the body? Creatine Purines and pyrimidines Amino acids Glucose

Glucose

Which process in the aerobic metabolism of glucose takes place in the cytosol?

Glycolysis

Which process in the metabolism of glucose does not require oxygen? Formation of acetyl-CoA Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Which of the following enables infants to produce or conserve heat? Shivering Small surface area compared to volume Maintenance of a constant metabolic rate Lipolysis of brown fat

Lipolysis of brown fat

What is the primary focus of nutritional processing in the postabsorptive state?

Maintaining blood glucose levels

Which of the following foods are deficient in dietary fiber?

Milk and meat

Which part of the cell is most heavily involved in energetics?

Mitochondria

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

Why is it that lipids cannot provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time?

Most lipids are processed in mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity depends on the availability of oxygen. Lipids are insoluble in water, and it is thus difficult for water-soluble enzymes to reach them. Lipid reserves are difficult to mobilize.

What is the vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in the deamination process?

Vitamin B6

The factors that make protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy include which of the following?

Proteins have more important uses as structural and functional cellular components. One of the by-products, ammonia, is a toxin that can damage cells. Proteins are difficult to break apart.

What chemical in the catabolism of glucose enters the mitochondria?

Pyruvate

What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP?

Removal of electrons from substrates

Which of the following is NOT a mineral required by the body? Sodium Calcium Iron Thiamine

Thiamine

All nutrients can be used by the mitochondria to provide energy. In what form are these nutrients "fed" into the mitochondria?

Two-carbon fragments

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of visual pigments?

Vitamin A

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is the __________.

basal metabolic rate

The process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon fragments is __________.

beta-oxidation

The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.

catabolism

In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of their metabolic demand is met through the __________.

catabolism of fatty acids

Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.

intrinsic factor

The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.

iron, zinc, copper, and manganese

The synthesis of lipids is called __________.

lipogenesis

Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.

lipoproteins and free fatty acids

The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is underway is __________.

the absorptive state

An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person