Chapter 25; Urinary
Focus your attention on the positive feedback cycle in the third part of Focus Figure 25.1 (upper right of Part 2). Drag and drop the labels onto the figure in the correct order of events to complete the positive feedback loop. You may use a label only once or not at all.
1. osmolality of interstitial fluid 2. water leaves descending limb 3. osmolality of filtrate in descending limb 4. osmolality of filtrate entering ascending limb 5. salt pumped out of ascending limb
Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts aldosterone ADH both ADH and aldosterone renin
ADH
Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
ADH
Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct.
What is the function of the renal pelvis? Filters waste products out of the blood Changes the composition of urine Collects newly formed urine Receives the glomerular filtrate
Collects newly formed urine The minor calyces of the renal pelvis collect newly formed urine as it exits the renal papillae.
Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney. Ureter, renal pelvis, medulla, cortex Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter Cortex, medulla, ureter, renal pelvis Medulla, cortex, renal pelvis, ureter
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter Filtration occurs in the renal cortex, processing of the filtrate occurs within the renal tubules. Urine exits the renal pyramids into the renal pelvis, where it will be conveyed to the urinary bladder by the ureter.
Which statement best describes the effect diuretics have? Diuretics promote sodium reabsorption and enhance the obligatory water reabsorption that follows. Diuretics promote the formation of the medullary gradient by acting on the ascending limb of the nephron loop. Diuretics increase urinary output. Diuretics increase water reabsorption as a way to decrease the osmolality of the extracellular fluids.
Diuretics increase urinary output.
Both the male and female urethras serve the urinary and the reproductive systems.
False
Efferent arterioles supply blood to the glomerulus.
False
Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.
False
The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
False
The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.
False
The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
False
The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.
False The fibrous capsule is a strong sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue. There is a layer of adipose tissue superficial to the fibrous capsule, called the perirenal fat capsule.
The longer the nephron loop descends into the medulla, the less concentrated the urine will be.
False The longer the nephron loop descends into the medulla, the more concentrated the urine will be.
The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.
False The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules that travel towards the renal papillae, carrying urine to exit the kidney.
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney. Fibrous capsule Perirenal fat capsule Renal fascia Broad ligament
Fibrous capsule Correct. The fibrous capsule is a thin strong sheet of connective tissue that encapsulates the kidney.
Site of filtrate formation
Glomerulus.
Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney? Renal cortex Carina Hilum Renal medullla
Hilum The ureter, renal blood vessels and nerve supply all enter the kidney at the hilum.
Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells
Peritubular capillaries
Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
Proximal convoluted tubule.
Which represents the most superficial region of the kidney?
Renal Cortex
Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids? Renal columns Renal pelvis Ureter Renal papillae
Renal columns The renal columns are extensions
Where does the kidney filter the blood?
Renal corpuscle
Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys? Renal cortex Renal pyramids Renal pelvis Renal medulla
Renal cortex Filtration takes place within the renal corpuscles located in the renal cortex.
Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule? Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pyramid Renal pelvis
Renal cortex The fibrous capsule encloses the kidney. It is in contact with the renal cortex.
Which region of the kidney is the most superficial? Renal column Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis
Renal cortex The renal cortex is the most superficial region of the kidney. Renal corpuscles are found in the renal cortex. They are microscopic structures, so they can't be observed on a kidney specimen. The renal corpuscles are responsible for the bumpy texture of the renal cortex that can be visualized.
Where are the renal columns located? Renal pyramids Renal pelvis Renal medulla Renal cortex
Renal medulla The renal columns are located between the renal pyramids in the renal medulla.
A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures? Renal sinus Renal pelvis Renal cortex Renal medulla
Renal pelvis The major branches of the renal pelvis are the major calyces, and the smaller branches that contact the renal papillae are the minor calyces.
Which statement best describes the function of the urethra?
The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.
True
Under normal conditions, the large renal arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute
True
Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water.
True
Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water
True
A relatively large afferent arteriole on one side of the glomerulus compared to a relatively smaller efferent arteriole creates an increase in hydrostatic pressure that drives glomerular filtration.
True Not all of the blood from the afferent can drain into the smaller efferent. This backup creates a pressure at the glomerulus called the glomerular hydrostatic pressure that drives filtration.
The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.
True The ureter, blood vessels, and nerve supply penetrate the kidney at its concave medial surface at the hilum.
What vessel directly feeds into the glomerulus? vasa recta efferent arteriole cortical radiate artery afferent arteriole
afferent arteriole
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
arcuate
The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________.
calyces; renal pelvis
The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________. renal pelvis; calyces renal pyramids; renal pelvis calyces; renal pelvis renal pyramids; calyces
calyces; renal pelvis
Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption?
collecting duct
the ___ uses the medullary osmotic gradient to concentrate urine.
collecting ducts
What arteries branch off the arcuate arteries? interlobar arteries cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries segmental arteries renal arteries
cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries
Which of the following promotes the formation of dilute urine? large amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released from the posterior pituitary increased number of aquaporins present in the collecting duct decreased osmolality of extracellular fluids increased osmolality of extracellular fluids
decreased osmolality of extracellular fluids
In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions? descending limb of the nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) collecting duct distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes the reabsorption of calcium ions in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
What type of capillaries make up the glomerulus?
fenestrated
Where is filtrate produced in the nephron? juxtaglomerular complex vasa recta peritubular capillaries glomerulus
glomerulus
Which capillary bed produces filtrate? juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) peritubular capillaries glomerulus vasa recta
glomerulus
What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
Each nephron contains a __________, which is a tuft of capillaries, and a __________. glomerulus; renal plexus renal plexus and glomerular capsule; glomerulus renal plexus; renal tubule glomerulus; renal tubule
glomerulus; renal tubule
Vasa recta blood osmolality is critical to maintaining the countercurrent mechanisms of the nephron. Where is vasa recta blood osmolality the highest? in the shallow medulla It is the same throughout the nephron area. in the deep medulla in the cortex
in the deep medulla Vasa recta blood osmolality is at its highest where the filtrate and interstitial fluid are the highest, which is in the deep medulla.
The long nephron loops of the ______ nephrons are located in the renal ______
juxtamedullary, medulla
the ___ create the medullary osmotic gradient and act as countercurrent ___
long nephron loops, multipliers
Which structure is most important for urine concentration?
loop of nephron
Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process? tubular reabsorption micturition glomerular filtration tubular secretion
micturition
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________
nephron
Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney? renal corpuscle nephron renal pelvis renal pyramid
nephron
Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
What area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients? distal convoluted tubule descending nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule Most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
Which region of the kidney is characterized by the presence of cone-shaped pyramids?
renal Pyramind
In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located? renal medulla renal pelvis renal columns renal cortex
renal cortex
The __________ is an outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to surrounding structures. The __________ prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidneys. renal fascia; perirenal fat capsule fibrous capsule; renal fascia fibrous capsule; perirenal fat capsule renal fascia; fibrous capsule
renal fascia; fibrous capsule
What region subdivides to form two or three major calyces and several minor calyces?
renal pelvis
Which represents the region that combines several minor calyces to form two or three major calyces?
renal pelvis
Identify the functional area of the kidney at letter B.
renal pyramid
Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of
sodium
Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________.
sodium
Focus your attention on the second part of Focus Figure 25.1 (upper left of Part 2). Which of the following is NOT a property used to establish the medullary osmotic gradient?
the blood flow through the ascending and descending portions of the vasa recta
The area at collecting duct will eventually drain urine into the __________.
ureter
Which urinary structure serves as the temporary storage site for urine?
urinary bladder
Which vessels are most intimate with the nephron loop and serve as a point to collect ions and water back into the blood? vasa recta cortical radiate veins efferent arterioles afferent arterioles
vasa recta
the ___ preserve the medullary osmotic gradient and act as countercurrent ___
vasa recta, exchangers