Chapter 26
A typical adult kidney weighs about 150 grams and measures about ________.
10 cm long, 5.5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick
About how much blood flows through the kidneys each minute?
1200 mL
The urge to urinate first develops when the urinary bladder contains approximately how much urine?
200 mL
The spongy urethra ________.
All choices are correct.
The secondary function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) to reabsorb sodium is controlled by which hormone(s)?
aldosterone
Which structure separates the parietal and visceral epithelia of the glomerular capsule?
capsular space
Individual collecting tubules connect each nephron to which nearby structure?
collecting duct
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls the permeability of the ________.
collecting system
Which area of the nephron lacks microvilli and is under aldosterone control for the reabsorption of sodium?
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they ________.
drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.
Blood exits the nephron via ________.
efferent arteriole
Which layer of the urethra is thick and elastic?
lamina propria
Which of the following are cells found between the endothelial cells of adjacent capillaries that play a role in regulating glomerular blood flow and filtration?
mesangial cells
Ducts within each renal papilla empty urine into a cup-shaped drain, called a ________.
minor calyx
Which is the first part of the renal tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule
The external urethral sphincter of the urinary bladder is under the voluntary control of the perineal branch of which nerve?
pudendal nerve
Age-related changes in the urinary system include ________.
reduced sensitivity to ADH
Which is/are the known function(s) of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys?
regulates glomerular blood flow and filtration rates
Each kidney receives blood from (the) ________.
renal arteries
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?
secretion
The inner mucosa of each ureter is lined by ________.
transitional epithelium
The triangular area bounded by the urethral openings and the entrance to the urethra constitutes the ________.
trigone
The proximal convoluted tubule begins at the ________ of the renal corpuscle, opposite the vascular pole.
tubular pole of renal corpuscle
Which is the CORRECT order of the structures of the male urethra, from the bladder to the exterior? (1) collecting duct (2) spongy urethra (3) descending limb (4) membranous urethra (5) prostatic urethra
5 4 2 Prostatic urethra , membranous urethra, spongy urethra
The ureters ________.
Are retroperitoneal
Which is not one of the changes in the urinary system due to aging?
Gradual increase in kidney size due to fluid retention
Which of the following statements regarding the glomerulus is CORRECT?
It is a capillary network contained within the renal corpuscle.
Describe the composition of the filtrate that escapes from the glomerular capillaries.
a fluid similar to plasma, but without the blood proteins
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron?
active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials
An obstruction in the glomerulus would increase the blood pressure in the ________.
afferent arteriole
Blood enters the nephron via ________.
afferent arteriole
Which of the following are the blood vessels at the boundary of the renal cortex and renal medulla?
arcuate artery and vein
The mechanism whereby benign enlargement of the prostate affects urinary function in older men may be due to which of the following?
compression of the prostatic urethra
About 85 percent of the nephrons are classified as which of the following?
cortical
The three layers of the muscular layer of the urinary bladder are collectively known as which of the following?
detrusor muscle
Which muscle is responsible for stopping the micturition reflex and allowing a person to stop voiding?
external urethral sphincter
The capillaries of the glomerulus are ________.
fenestrated
From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the ________.
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat
Which of the following are described as the gaps between the secondary processes of the podocytes?
filtration slits
The entry point for the renal artery and the exit for the renal vein and ureter is the ________.
hilum
The ability to control micturition is often lost after a stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or other CNS problems affecting the cerebral cortex or ________.
hypothalamus
Which of the following drains into a minor calyx in the renal pelvis?
papillary duct
Adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous capsule is called the ________.
perinephric fat
The glomerular epithelium consists of large cells with secondary processes or "feet" that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. These cells are called ________.
podocytes
The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the ________.
renal corpuscle
The kidneys are innervated by which of the following?
renal nerves
The renal medulla consists of six to eighteen distinct conical or triangular structures, called ________.
renal pyramids
The juxtaglomerular complex adjusts glomerular filtration rates by secretion of which hormones?
renin and erythropoietin
The kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters, which lie against the muscles of the posterior body wall, are all ________.
retroperitoneal
Which layer is not found in the wall of the ureter?
submucosa
