Chapter 26
Two sets of teeth develop and erupt; the first set are 20 teeth called deciduous (milk) teeth and the final set are ____ teeth called permanent teeth.
32
The muscularis of the GI tract contains two layers of smooth muscles: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer.
False
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is a voluntary process that is controlled by the cerebral cortex.
False
Which layer of the GI tract contains epithelial tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic capillaries, and a thin layer of smooth muscle?
Mucosa???? ****Submucosa****
Which layer of the GI tract contains the myenteric nerve plexus?
Muscularis
Which is not a function of the digestive system?
Micturition
Which of these are accessory organs of the GI tract? Check all that apply.
Pancreas Gallbladder
Manufacturers of some medications used to treat heartburn advertise that their products shut down the acid-producing pumps in the stomach. Where are these "acid-producing pumps"? In other words, which type of cell in a gastric gland secretes acid?
Parietal cells
_________ is the alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through the tract.
Peristalsis
The outer layer of the mucularis of the colon is discontinuous (does not entirely surround the colon), and forms the bundles of smooth muscles known as the teniae coli.
True
Vitamin K and B vitamins are produced by bacteria of the large intestine.
True
Which is the layer of the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity that directly covers the surface of internal organs?
Visceral peritoneum
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Water and electrolyte absorption
The process by which bile breaks up large fat droplets into smaller ones is called __________.
emulsification
The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine stimulates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes the
gallbladder to contract and release bile.
G-cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce a hormone called __________ that stimulates stomach secretions and motility.
gastrin
The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the action of
hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Pepsinogen is an
inactive precursor to the enzyme pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach.
What is the function of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of the stomach?
increase absorption of vitamin B12
Villi
increase surface area in the small intestine.
The lining of the oral cavity and esophagus are lined with __________ because they must withstand abrasion.
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
pancreas
The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme
pancreatic lipase.
The largest salivary gland is the ________ salivary gland, which is located anterior to the ear overlying the masseter muscle.
parotid
Digestion of proteins is initiated by the enzyme
pepsin.
The projections on the superior surface of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the
*********tonsils*******
Match the secretory cell of the stomach with its secretion. 1. Surface mucous cell 2.Parietal cell 3.Chief cell 4.Enteroendocrine cell 5.Mucous neck cell
1. Surface mucous cell Mucin 2.Parietal cell Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor 3.Chief cell Pepsinogen 4.Enteroendocrine cell Gastrin 5.Mucous neck cell Acidic mucin
Match the enzyme with its target macromolecule. 1.Carbohydrate 2.Protein 3.Lipid
1.Carbohydrate Pancreatic amylase Salivary amylase 2.Protein Pepsin Chymotrypsin Trypsinterm-44 3.Lipid Gastric lipase Pancreatic lipase Lingual lipase?????
Match the hormones of digestion with their functions and characteristics. 1.Gastrin 2.Cholecystokinin (CCK) 3.Secretin
1.Gastrin -Produced by G cells in the stomach -Stimulates secretion of pepsinogen by chief cells 2.Cholecystokinin (CCK) -Stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder -Causes relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter -Stimulates the release of enzymes from the pancreas 3.Secretin -Released in response to acid chyme entering the small intestine -Stimulates secretion of an alkaline bicarbonate solution from the pancreas
Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions. 1.Jejunum 2.Duodenum 3.Ileum
1.Jejunum Performs most chemical digestion and absorption. 2.Duodenum Receives bile and pancreatic juice. 3.Ileum Controls entry of material into large intestine.
Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions. 1.Jejunum 2.Duodenum 3.Ileum
1.Jejunum Receives bile and pancreatic juice. 2.Duodenum Performs most chemical digestion and absorption. 3.Ileum Controls entry of material into large intestine.
Study the figure to understand the anatomy of the pancreas. As you can see in the illustration, the common bile duct merges with the main pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which empties into the duodenum. The accessory pancreatic duct also empties into the duodenum. A "papilla" is a bump. There are two papillae in the duodenum where pancreatic ducts empty their secretions into the duodenum, the major duodenal papilla and the minor duodenal papilla. Match the following structures with their descriptions: 1.Major duodenal papilla 2.Minor duodenal papilla
1.Major duodenal papilla The site where the hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum 2.Minor duodenal papilla The site where the accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum
Match the enzyme with the organ from which it is produced. 1.Salivary glands 2.Stomach 3.Small Intestine 4.Pancreas
1.Salivary glands Salivary amylase 2.Stomach Pepsin 3.Small Intestine Dissacharidases (sucrase, lactase) 4.Pancreas Pancreatic amylase Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase Pancreatic lipase
Match the enzyme with the organ from which it is produced. 1.Salivary glands 2.Stomach 3.Small Intestine 4.Pancreas
1.Salivary glands Salivary amylase 2.Stomach Pepsin 3.Small Intestine Dissacharidases (sucrase, lactase) 4.Pancreas Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic amylase Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
Which of the following statements is true about teeth?
All of the choices are correct: The primary component of teeth is dentin. The outer surface of enamel forms the crown of a tooth. The root is covered by cementum.
What is the function of bile?
Break down fats to assist their chemical digestion
Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?
Cardiac region
Which phase of digestion involves the thought, smell, and sight of food?
Cephalic phase
Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?
Chief cell
Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?
Cystic duct
Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end?
Duodenum - jejunum - ileum
Gastric secretion is increased in all three gastric phases (cephalic, gastric, and intestinal).
False
Which is not a lobe of the liver?
Round lobe is NOT part of liver Part of liver: Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe Left lobe Right lobe
The gastroenterologist has just determined that you have a blockage in your jejunum and he will have to perform surgery, making a small incision in the wall to remove the obstruction. Which tunic will be cut first?
Serosa
Which of these is an organ of the gastrointestinal tract as opposed to an accessory organ?
Stomach
Which layer(s) of the wall of the GI tract contain a nerve plexus? Check all that apply.
Submucosa Muscularis
Secretin is released from the small intestine primarily in response to the acidic chyme coming from the stomach and secretin causes the release of an alkaline solution containing bicarbonate from the pancreas.
True
In the parietal cell, carbonic acid dissociates into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion.
True
As material moves through the large intestine, in what order does it pass through these structures?
__1__Cecum __2__Ascending colon __3__Transverse colon __4__Left colic flexure __5__Descending colon __6__Sigmoid colon __7__Rectum __8__Anal canal
The following anatomical features of the small intestine function to increase the surface area of the intestinal wall and maximize its capacity for absorption. Rank these structures 1 through 3 in order from largest to smallest.
__1__Circular folds (aka plicae circulares) __2__Villi __3__Microvilli
As bile is produced and secreted, what structures or cells does it encounter? Put them in order, beginning with bile production and ending with the gallbladder.
__1__Hepatocyte _2__Right or left hepatic duct __3__Common hepatic duct __4__Cystic duct __5__Gallbladder
Trace the path of bile through the biliary apparatus, beginning at the liver and ending at the small intestine.
__1__Left and right hepatic ducts __2__Common hepatic duct __3__Common bile duct __4__Hepatopancreatic ampulla __5__Major duodenal papilla
What is the correct order for the layers (tunics) of the GI tract wall from innermost (next to lumen) to outermost?
__1__Mucosa _2__Submucosa __3__Muscularis __4__Serosa (Adventitia)
Label the anatomy of the structures of the pancreas.
__1__Pancreatic duct (aka main pancreatic duct) __2__Hepatopancreatic ampulla __3__Major duodenal papilla __4__Minor duodenal papilla __5__Accessory pancreatic duct
Identify the salivary glands in the figure.
__1__Parotid gland __2__Sublingual gland __3__Submandibular gland
Label the regions of the large intestine.
__1__Rectum __2__Vermiform appendix __3__Ileocecal valve __4__Cecum __5__Ascending colon __6__Descending colon __7__Anal canal
Gastric mixing changes
a bolus into chyme.
Lacteals
absorb fats in the small intestine.
The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called
absorption.
An enzyme found within saliva that digests starch is salivary
amylase.
The term "canines" describes the teeth that
are lateral to the incisors, used for puncturing and tearing.
What is the correct order for the list of structures of the large intestine, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum? a: Left colic flexure b: Ascending colon c: Transverse colon d: Right colic flexure e: Sigmoid colon f: Descending colon
b, d, c, a, f, e b: Ascending colon d: Right colic flexure c: Transverse colon a: Left colic flexure f: Descending colon e: Sigmoid colon
During the production of HCl in parietal cells, the ion exchange protein in the plasma membrane of parietal cells exchanges ________ ions going out for ________ ions coming in.
bicarbonate; chloride
Tissues associated with the stomach produce not only digestive enzymes but also hydrochloric acid. One type of cell, the parietal cell, secretes HCl, which helps to chemically break down the food in the stomach. In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction between
carbon dioxide and water.
Functions of the stomach include
chemical and mechanical digestion.
The process of swallowing is also called
deglutition.
Lysozyme within saliva primarily functions to
inhibit bacterial growth.
Gastric secretion during the intestinal phase is inhibited by the presence of
lipids or low pH.
The enzyme pepsin becomes active when pH is
low.
The deciduous teeth are the _________ teeth, and there are a total of ____ deciduous teeth.
milk; 20
Most saliva is produced by the _________ glands.
submandibular
The central cavity of a tooth is filled with
pulp
The lining of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine that allows for absorption and secretion is
simple columnar epithelium.
Nucleic acids are digested within the
small intestine
Amylase from saliva digests
starch.
Protein digestion begins in the
stomach
A sphincter is a
thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GI tract.