Chapter 26

Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?

Cardiac region

The carbonic acid ion is joined to a hydrogen ion by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

False

2. Known cures for Crohn's disease include: ~ use of broad-spectrum antibodies ~ surgical removal of affected segments of the bowel. ~ use of anti-inflammatory agents such as 5-aminosalicylic acid. ~ none of the above

None of the above

In the parietal cell, carbonic acid dissociates into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion.

True

Mass movements of the colon propel its contents toward the rectum.

True

The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme

pancreatic lipase.

Defecation is stimulated by

parasympathetic and local reflexes

Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is (are) regulated by the medulla oblongata?

All three phases are regulated by the medulla oblongata.

Which of the following is not secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion?

Bile

A portal triad consists of which three structures?

Branches of a hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile ductule

What is the function of bile?

Break down fats to assist in their chemical digestion

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?

Chief cell

_________ is a hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme in the intestinal lumen.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?

Duodenum

Gastric secretion is increased in all three phases (cephalic, gastric, intestinal).

False

The first step in the formation of hydrochloric acid is the active transport of carbon dioxide into the parietal cells.

False

The liver lobule is the same as a hepatocyte.

False

When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases.

False

Structurally, the human liver is divided into how many lobes?

Four

Parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce

HCl (hydrochloric acid).

________ ions are actively transported into the gastric gland duct, in exchange for ________ ions, which enter the parietal cells.

Hydrogen; potassium

Normal bacterial flora in the large intestine are responsible for the production of vitamins B and

K

The stomach is located in which abdominal quadrant?

Left upper

Digestion begins in the

Mouth

Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?

Pepsin

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

Production of ATP

Which of the following does not stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?

Secretin

From external to internal, what is the correct order of layers of the stomach?

Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that are secreted from what GI organ?

Small intestine

Which of these is an organ of the gastrointestinal tract as opposed to an accessory organ?

Stomach

Which of the following might stimulate the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

The thought of food

2. Smokers have an increased risk of developing Crohn's disease. This statement is

True

Defecation reflexes are stimulated by the presence of feces in the rectum.

True

Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.

True

The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called

absorption.

Salivary __________ breaks the chemical bond between two glucose molecules; it breaks down the long polysaccharide starch molecule into smaller and smaller pieces until only glucose results.

amylase

The ion exchange protein in the plasma membrane of parietal cells exchanges ________ ions going out for ________ ions coming in.

bicarbonate; chloride

What organ produces bile?

bile

In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between

carbon dioxide and water.

The hydrogen ions used to form hydrochloric acid in the stomach are derived from

carbonic acid.

Motility and secretion in the stomach is generated by the __________ reflex initiated by thought, smell, sight, or taste of food.

cephalic

Functions of the stomach include

chemical and mechanical digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion involves both the intestinal reflex and the release of two primary hormones: _______ and secretin.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Once inside epithelial cells, fatty acids are reattached to monoglycerides reforming triglycerides; triglycerides are then wrapped with other proteins by the Golgi to form ____________ that enter the lymphatic system.

chylomicrons

Hydrochloric acid is formed when hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the

duct of the gastric gland.

Mass movements of the colon are integrated by

enteric plexus

Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by

food in the stomach and chyme in the duodenum.

G-cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce a hormone called __________ that stimulates stomach secretions and motility.

gastrin

Enteroendocrine cells of the lower part of the small intestine produce the hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and

glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP).

The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the action of

hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to

hydrochloric acid in chyme.

Within the abdomen, organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ________ organs.

intraperitoneal

Gastric secretion during the intestinal phase is inhibited by the presence of

lipids or low pH.

Digested triglycerides are contained within the _____________ prior to being transported across the simple columnar epithelial lining of the small intestine into the epithelial cells.

micelles

The mucosa of the esophagus is lined with ___________ squamous epithelium.

nonkeratinized stratified

Smooth muscle activity in the small intestine wall facilitates chemical digestion and absorption employing the processes of segmentation and

peristalsis.

The process of moving a bolus through the GI tract as a result of involuntary muscle contractions is referred to as

peristalsis.

Basic functions of the liver include

secretion, storage, and detoxification

Digestive reflexes that do not involve the central nervous system but instead are local and occur only within the enteric nervous system are called ________ reflexes.

short

Most GI tract organs are lined with a ________ epithelium.

simple columnar

The stomach is lined by a

simple columnar epithelium

During digestion, the major site of nutrient absorption is the

small intestine.

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine.

The muscularis usually contains two layers of _____ muscle.

smooth

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

1. Tony's symptoms of Crohn's disease were typical; they included all of the following except

vomiting

1. Pathological consequences of full-thickness inflammation of the bowel wall in Crohn's disease include all of the following except

weight gain