Chapter 26

List functions of circulatory system

- transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients - defends against harmful microorganism, cells and viruses - prevents blood loss through coagulation - helps regulate body temperature and pH

Why is the respiratory system of birds so efficient?

Blind pouch lung construction limits efficiency because only a portion of lung air is replaced with each breath. However, birds have very efficient lungs with a one-way pass through the system

open circulatory system

a circulator system found in insects and some other invertebrates in which blood is not confined to vessels in part of its circuit. Blood bathes tissues in blood sinuses

closed circulatory system

a circulatory system in an animal in which blood is confined to vessels throughout its circuit

capillaries

a small blood vessel that connects an arteriole and a venule. The functional unit of the circulatory system. The site of exchange between the blood and tissue cells

neutrophils

a type of phagocytic white blood cell with a multilobed nucleus and inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules

monocyte

a type of white blood cell that functions as a phagocyte and develops into macrophages in tissues. A monocyte has a kidney-shaped nucleus and gray-blue cytoplasm

lymphocytes

a type of white blood cell that provides protection to an animal

veins

a vessel that carries blood toward the heart from the various organs

arteries

a vessel that transports blood away from the heart

alveoli

an air sac of a lung

hemoglobin

an iron-containing respiratory pigment of red blood cells responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Occurs in vertebrate red blood cells and in the plasma of many invertebrates

hemocytes

any blood corpuscle or formed element of the blood in animals with an open circulatory system

How do flatworms circulate nutrients, wastes etc

branches run close to every part of the body. Gases, nutrients and wastes are diffused across short distances and simple body movements can transport those materials if needed

How do sponges circulate nutrients, wastes etc...

circulate water from the external environment through their bodies, instead of circulating internal fluids

Describe the circulatory system of birds and mammals

complete separation of ventricles. This allows for the double circulation required to maintain high blood pressure; blood circulates in two main circuits: pulmonary and systemic: pulmonary circuit supplies the blood only to the lungs. Carries deoxygenated blood to get oxygenated by the lungs. Also returns blood back to heart. Systemic circuit supplies all the cells, tissues and organs of the body with oxygen rich blood and returns oxygen poor blood back to the heart

platelet

cytoplasmic fragment formed in the bone marrow that functions in blood coagulation. Also called thrombocyte

cutaneous respiration

gas exchange across thin, moist surfaces of the skin

How do cnidarians circulate nutrients, wastes etc

have a fluid filled internal gastrovascular cavity. This cavity supplies nutrients for all body cells lining the cavity. This cavity supplies nutrients for all body cells lining the cavity, and is a reservoir for carbon dioxide and other wastes. Simple body movements move the fluid

Describe the circulatory systems of amphibians

have a single ventricle that pumps blood both to the lungs and to the rest of the body; because most amphibians absorb oxygen through their skin, the blood is highly oxygenated and this is sufficient

Describe the circulatory system of fishes

heart has two pumping chambers: atrium and ventricle; blood only passes through the heart once. This is called a single circulation circuit

book lungs

modification of the arthropod exoskeleton into a series of internal plates that provide surfaces for gas exchange between the blood and air. Found in spiders

Describe the mammalian heart

most of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue called myocardium; outer protective covering of the heart is fibrous connective tissue called the epicardium; during each cycle, the atria and ventricles go through a phase of contraction called systole and a phase of relaxation called diastole

Nematodes

small enough to where movements of the body provide enough transport of the coelomic fluid of their body cavity

buccopharyngeal respiration

the diffusion of gases across moist linings of the mouth and pharynx or amphibians

hemolymph

the fluid in the coelom or hemocoel of some invertebrates that represents the blood and lymph of higher animals. Found in animals with an open circulatory system

plasma

the fluid or liquid portion of circulating blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended

coelomic fluid

the fluid within the body cavity of triploblastic animals

pulmonate lungs

the gas exchange structure in the Pulmonata - the land snails and slugs

tracheal system

the small tubes that carry air from spiracles through the body cavity of an arthropod. Arthropod trachea are modifications of the exoskeleton

Describe the circulatory systems of reptiles

ventricle is partially divided into a right and left side; this ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated cells do not mix