Chapter 26
A nurse is reviewing with an 8-year-old how to self-administer insulin. Which of the following is the proper injection technique for insulin injections?
Elevate the subcutaneous tissue before the injection. Explanation: Insulin injections are always given subcutaneously. Elevating the skin tissue prevents injection into muscles when subcutaneous injections are given. The needle bevel should face upward. The skin is spread in intramuscular, not subcutaneous, injections. It is no longer recommended to aspirate blood for subcutaneous injections.
An infant on the pediatric floor has diabetes insipidus. Which assessment data are important for the nurse to monitor while the infant is on strict fluid precautions?
Urine output Explanation: An infant with diabetes insipidus has a decrease in antidiuretic hormone. Strict fluid precautions will not alter urine formation. This assessment is important because the infant will be at great risk for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. It is part of a basic assessment to monitor heart rate, temperature, skin turgor, and mucous membranes. These are important but may not indicate the infant's overall health. On fluid restriction, oral intake will be specified.
Diabetes insipidus is a disorder of the posterior pituitary resulting in deficient secretion of which hormone?
antidiuretic hormone Explanation: Central diabetes insipidus (DI), also called neurogenic, vasopressin-sensitive, or hypothalamic DI, is a disorder of the posterior pituitary that results from deficient secretion of ADH. Nephrogenic DI is a result of the inability of the kidney to respond to ADH.
The nurse is assessing a 5-year-old child whose parent reports the child has been vomiting lately, has no appetite, and has had an extreme thirst. Laboratory work for diabetes mellitus is being completed. Which symptom would differentiate between type 1 diabetes mellitus from type 2 diabetes mellitus?
recent weight loss Explanation: Weight loss is unique to type 1 diabetes mellitus, whereas weight gain is associated with type 2. Hypertension is consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes cause delayed wound healing. The increase in blood glucose in diabetes causes damage to the inner lining of the arteries that cause the arteries to develop plaque and harden. These damages to the blood vessels result in a decrease in the ability of oxygen-rich blood to be transported effectively to the tissues to promote wound healing. Loose stools or repeated loose stools called diarrhea is a common side effect of the oral medication metformin, which is prescribed for clients with type 2 diabetes. Insulin, the treatment for type 1 diabetes, has constipation as one of the side effects.