Chapter 26 Review

Meiji

"enlightened rule"

Economic reforms of the meiji Restoration

* Land reform program -peasents took daimyo's land for their private property + new land taxes which were good for the government but bad for the farmers * Government gave subsidies to needy industries - provided training and foreign advisers- it also improved transportation and communication * Under new system farmers had to pay a tax every year and if they could not pay the tax they sold their land and became tenant farmers

Social reforms of the Meiji Restoration

*Adopted American/universal education and brought foreign teachers to teach japan and send students abroad * new mandatory imperial army where all Japanese men served 3 years with modernized weapons *Women could get education and the economy went from agricultural--> industrial - western fashion rose

The outcomes of the Tai Ping rebellion include are...

-20 million dead -Beirish & French used force for better trade privileges -Treaty of Tianjin -Surrendering Kowloon Peninusla to Britain

Outcomes of the Boxer rebellion are...

-Army of multiple countries attacked Beijing -Gov't pays big indemnity & weakens

What led to the fall of the Qing dynasty?

-Ci Xi's reforms were insufficient Sun Yat-sen promoted democratic revolution and gained followers -After empress' death there was no strong ruler to suppress the rebellion

Reforms of Empress Dowager Ci Xi

-Education based off Western model -Legaslative assemblies were made @ provincial level -Elections for National Assembly

Why were spheres of influence established in China?

Britain, France, Germany, Russia and later Japan all has spheres of influence to control trade and economic output

Methods used during the Tai Ping rebellion include.,..

-Hong capturing Yongan & proclaiming a dynasty called Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace -Rebels seize Nanjing & kill many people -European & Chinese forces recapture Nanjing

Political Reforms of the Meiji Restoration

-Set to create political system based on western model which included liberals and progressives -Prefectures were formed which turned daimyo into governors of them - to be continued

Describe the major events in China related to imperialism during the 19th century and early 20th centuries.

-Spheres of influences were made -Negotiation with foreign nations -China vs. Japan -Germany demands Shandong Peninsula -Open Door policy -Boxer Rebellion

How did western culture change Chinese society and culture?

-Westerners brought improved transportation and growth of exports -Western ideas of rights and democracy contributed to the decline of Confucian feudal society

Sun Yat-sen

-formed Revive China society & Revolutionary Alliance. -believed Qing Dynasty was falling apart & should follow Westerm powers -made 3-stage reform process.

Commodities

Agricultural, mined, and mass produced marketable goods

Commodore Matthew Perry

Asked for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on Japanese islands/ asked to open foreign relations between U.S and Japan

What was the impact of domestic and international trade on China in the late 19th and early 20th century?

Britains excessive imports to Chuna led to the Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing. Open Door Policy helped make trade with foreign countries be more equal.

What was the result of japans victory over China in the 1890's ?

China ceded Taiwan and the Liaodong peninsula to japan

Qing dynasty's self strengthening policy

China was to adopt western tech but keep Confucian values and institutions

treaty of Tianjin

Chinese agreed to legalize the opium trade and to open new ports to foreign trade

How did education during the late Qing dynasty contribute to intellectual and cultural innovations following the revolution?

Education based off Western model caused Western literature and art to flood in while keeping traditional culture.

Empress Dowager Ci Xi

Embraced reforms for education and died near Qing dynasty's collapse

Reforms proposed by Sun Yat-sen

Establish Republic, equalize land ownership, constitution gov't, Three People Principles

What factors influenced the decline of the Qing empire besides the pressure of the West?

Food shortages which caused uprising of angry peasants and unequal trade with different countries

Sat-Cho Alliance

Forced shogun to promise to end relations with the west --> led to attack

Why did rebellions occur in China after Yuan Shigai became president of the new republic in 1911?

He ruled in a traditional way and tried to set up a new dynasty. Reformers hated him for using murder and terror to destroy democratic institutions. Traditionalists hated him for being disloyal to the dynasty he served.

How did General Yan Shigai touch of the era of civil war?

He set up a new imperial dynasty

Prefecture

In the Japanese Meiji Resoration, a territory governed by its famer and daimyo lord

How did the Meiji Restoration change Japan?

It changed japan into a modern industrial nation and changed politics, economic, and social structures based off of west culture

Why did japan turn itself into an imperialist power?

It turned into an imperial power because western nations were benefiting from their colonies so they need to expand

How did Japan respond to foreign pressure to end its isolationist policies?

Japan agreed to treaties like the treaty of Kanagawa and another to open their ports and also compromised politically

Extraterritoriality

Living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host countries laws

Daimyo

Local nobles- turned into governors of prefectures

Provincial

Local not national- the idea of breaking up larger to smaller

How did meiji reforms reflect a mix of western and traditional values?

Meiji constitution was modeled after Imperial german education was adopted based on American fashion/sports were imitated

General Yan Shigai

Member of the old order.... to be continued

Did the Boxer Rebellion do anything to reduce the foreign presence in China?

No, really it added to it because France, Germany, Russia, U.S, and Japan banded together and sent more troops to defend imperialism areas

Like the French realists in the west, Japanese authors presented social conditions and the realities of war in what way?

Objectively presented social conditions and realities of the war

Indemnity

Payment for damages

Self-strengthening

Policy promoted by reformers at the end of the Qing dynasty where where China would adopt western technology while keeping it's Confucian values and institutions

Treaty of Kanagawa

Provided for the return of the shipwrecked American sailors, opening 2 Japanese ports to western traders and establishment of U.S consulate in Japan

Reforms demanded during the Boxer rebellion include...

Pushing foreigners out of China & army wanting more concessions from gov't.

Qing reforms after the boxer rebellion were unsuccessful because?

Reforms were embraced but people were upset about the slow pace of reform and how the reforms didn't address peasants, miners, and artisans whos living conditions grew worse

Why did Guang Xu's reforms fail to achieve the modernization of the government and the military?

Reforms were opposed by his aunt and conservatives

Reforms demanded during the Tai Ping rebellion include...

Self-strengthening (China adopting Western tech but keeping Confucian values) & modernizing the military & industry.

Methods used during the Boxer rebellion include...

Shadow boxing in the Society of Harmonious a fists and killing missionaries and Christian converts.

Open Door Policy

States that all powers w/ spheres of influence in Chine are to respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs, giving an unfair advantage to the citizen s of their own country

Guomindang

Sun's "Nationalist Party"

How were the tai Ping and Boxer Rebellions different and similar?

Tai Ping - Aimed to overthrow Qing dynasty imperial government -The Chinese empire was against it -The defeat of this strengthened the Qing imperial government Boxer Rebellion -aimed at expelling all foreigners and foreign influence from China -Supported by the Qing imperial government -The defeat of this weakened the Qing imperial government -Both rebellions were defeated with the help of outside military forces

What were the responses to imperialism in China?

The Open Door Policy(1899 by John Hay) helped reduce hysteria over access to Chinese markets

What led to the collapse of the shogunate system in Japan?

The defeat from the attack of Sat-cho leaders

Describe the Open Door policy and its effect on the existing spheres of influence in China.

The policy was proposed by John hay in 1899. It states that all powers with spheres of influence (Great Britain, France, Germany, U.s, Japan) would respect equal trading opportunities with china and not set tariffs to give an unfair advantage to the Chinese citizens. This was not good enough for China and another rebellion against the West would begin.

what happened in japan under the reign of emperor Mutsuhito?

Underwent political transformation known as meiji restoration

How did contact between Japan and the West influence culture?

Western tech altered Japanese culture -Japanese authors imitates imported models -Japanese invited architects, artists and engineers to teach students their "modern skills"

What inspired Japanese artists to return to traditional forms?

a national reaction at the end of the 1800's

Spheres of influence

areas where foreign powers are granted exclusive rights and privileges (trading rights and mining privileges)

Why do you think the Qing dynasty wanted to limit contact with foreign nations?

because of their practice of isolation ( policy of withdrawing from political and economic relations and turning inward as a country)

How did Japan benefit from its imperialist strategy?

expansion of territory and establishment of a sphere of influence in korea

Consessions

political compromises

How did the prefecture system affect the daimyo?

the former daimyo governed the prefectures

In what ways did Sun Yat-sen and the intellectuals and writers who succeeded him embrace western ideas? How did they adapt these ideas to the Chinese context?

they embraced western ideas through literature and art. They adapted these ideas with Chinese novels reflecting a western tendency toward a realistic portrayal of society.