Chapter 26 Sections 1-5

Hopes for peace were shattered the following spring. In March 1939, Hitler's army seized the rest of Czechoslovakia. Now even what realized that Hitler could not be trusted?

Chamberlain

People found other ways to help the war effort. many planted "victory gardens" to grow vegetables, which were in short supply. What collected scrap metal of use in industry?

Children

Many people joined in what-protective measures in case of an attack. For example, volunteer spotters scanned the skies for enemy aircraft that might try to approach America. Coastal cities enforced blackout at night so that lights could not serve as beacons for enemy pilots?

Civil Defense

Meanwhile the Germans and the Soviets were locked in in ferocious what. For months the Soviet Union bore the main force of Germany's European war effort?

Combat

Like African Americans, Mexican Americans faced discrimination, and their presence created tensions in some cities. In 1943, for example, a four day riot started in what when white sailors attacked Mexican Americans teens?

Los Angeles

While vowing to remain neutral, Roosevelt took steps to prepare for war. In 1938 t his request, Congress voted to strengthen the navy. In 1939 the president asked Congress to pass a new Neutrality Act that allowed the United States to sell weapons to other countries on a "cash and carry" basis. In 1940 FDR the Selective Service and Train Act, the first peacetime draft in the United States history. The law applied to men between the ages of 21 and what?

35

In civilian life African American sought change. In the summer of 1941, labor leader what demanded that the government ban discrimination against African Americans in defense of industries. He planned a large demonstration in Washington in support of his demands. President Roosevelt persuaded him to call off the march by establishing the Fair Employment practices Commission to combat discrimination in industries that held government contracts. The president announced that "... there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin?"

A. Philip Randolph

On December 11, Germany and Italy, Japan's allies, declared war on the United States. Congress then declared war on them as well. The United States had joined the what nations-including Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union-against the Axis Powers-Germany, Italy, and Japan-in World War II?

Allied

When Hitler became the leader of Germany, he put his strong words into action. Hitler was among other ruthless leaders to rise to power in the 1920s and the 1930s by taking advantage of people's what and what. She Europeans resented the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, which ended World War I. When a worldwide economic depression hit in the 1930s, frustration and fear added to this anger?

Anger and suffering

In 1944, in Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. In 1988 Americans acknowledged the injustice of relocation. Congress issued a formal what and agreed to give each survivor $20,000, a token of the nation's regret?

Apology

Britain and France thought they could avoid war by accepting German's demands-a policy later known as what. At the what, the leaders agreed to turn the Sudetenland over to Germany. Hitler, in turn, promised not to expand Germany's territory further. The British prime minister, what, returned home to cheering crowds, declaring the the agreement had preserved "peace for our time?"

Appeasement, Munich Conference, and Neville Chamberlain

He wanted to join the Marines, but at five feet five inches tall he was too short. The Navy also turned him down. Surprisingly, Audie Murphy, the orphaned son of Texas sharecroppers, enlisted in the what. By the end of the war, Murphy was the most decorated combat of World War II. When victory was declared in Europe in May 1945, Murphy had still not reached his twenty-first birthday. Today, through the Audie Murphy Club, the Army honors noncommissioned officers who best represent Audie Murphy's motto, "You lead from the front?"

Army

During the Depression many Japanese grew frustrated with their government's failure to solve economic problems. As a result, military leaders rose to powers in the early 1930s. These leaders thought they would solve Japan's problems by expanding Japanese power in what?

Asia

The Japanese what on Pearl Harbor united the American people as nothing else could. With astonishing speed the nation's economy and people prepared to fight the war. Even before Pearl Harbor the United States had begun raising an army under the Selective Services acts of 1940 and 1941. More than 15 million Americans joined the armed forces during the war, both as draftees and as volunteers?

Attack

Hitler's next victim was what. Hitler insisted that Germany should be unified with it, a German-speaking nation. In March 1938, he sent troops into it and annexed it?

Austria

Left unchallenged, Japan set up a government in Manchuria. In 1937 Japan invaded northern China, moving southward until it occupied most of the country. Three years later Japan signed a pact of alliance, known as the "what," with Germany and Italy?

Axis

In June the Germans crossed the Somme River and continued their sweep into France. Italy joined the war on the side of Germany and attacked France from the southeast. Germany and Italy-and later Japan-formed the what. On June 14, 1940, German troops marched victoriously into Paris. The French surrendered a week later, stunned by the German blitzkrieg?

Axis Powers

Great Britain and France could do little to help Poland because its defeat came so quickly. In late September 1939, the conquered country was split in half by Hitler and Stalin. Stalin also forced the what republics of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to accept Soviet military bases. When he tried do to the same with what, war broke out between the two nations. They held out heroically until March 1940, when the Soviets forced them to surrender?

Baltic and Finland

The United States responded to Japan's aggression by applying economic pressure. Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in American what, preventing the Japanese from obtaining funds they had in the United States, He also stopped the sale of oil, gasoline, and other natural resources that Japan lacked. The action outraged the Japanese?

Banks

Although the what continued until October, the Germans never gained control of the skies over Britain. The British Royal Air Force (RAF) mounted a heroic defense and inflicted heavy losses on the Germans air force. Finally, Hitler ended the air attacks?

Battle of Britain

After wading ashore the troops faced land mines and fierce fire from the Germans. Many Allied troops were hit as they stormed across the what to establish a foothold on high ground. Within a few weeks, the Allies had landed a million troops in France?

Beaches

What rose to power by appealing to the resentment of many Italians who felt they had not won enough in the Versailles treaty. He made what-extreme national and racism-popular in Italy. By 1922 the what had gained enough strength to force the king of Italy to declare him the head of the government. Within a few years, he had banned all political parties except his Fascist Party?

Benito Mussolini, Fascism, Fascist Party

The German attack on Poland was swift and fierce. The German planes bombed and machine-gunned targets, German tanks blasted holes in Polish defenses, and thousands of soldiers poured into Poland. The Germans called the offensive a what, or "lightning war." Then Soviet troops moved in and occupied eastern Poland acting on the Soviet agreement with Germany to divide Poland?

Blitzkrieg

The government also borrowed money to finance the war. As in World War I, the government sold war bonds. Movies stars and other celebrities urged people to buy what to support the war?

Bonds

Prom[ted by the wartime need for labor, United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. This program, called the what program, stimulated emigration from Mexico during the war years?

Bracero

While fighting raged in North Africa and Italy, the Allies launched an air war against Germany. In the summer of 1942, British and American air forces began a massive bombing what against Germany. Each day hundreds of American bombers pounded German factories and cities. Each night British bombers battered the same targets. The bombing cause massive destruction and killed thousands of German civilians. In July 1943 a week-long series of bombing raids on the port of Hamburg created a whirling tower of fire that engulfed the city. More than 30,000 people dies in the raids. Yet the attacks failed to crack Germany's determination to win the war?

Campaign

Fortunately, at the time of the attack, the navy's three aircraft what were at sea. Their escape from destruction provided the only good news that day?

Carriers

Ernie Pyle, a war correspondent, described the life of the World War II American soldier: "In the magazines war seemed romantic and exciting, full of heroics and vitality... I saw instead men suffering and wishing they were somewhere else... All of them desperately hungry for somebody to talk to beside themselves... cold and fairly dirty, just toiling from day to day in a world full of insecurity, discomfort, homesickness, and a dulled sense of what?"

Danger

Warrime production helped restore prosperity to the nation after the long years of the what. Incomes rose and prices remained fairly stable?

Depression

Hitler and other leaders promised a better life. They described a glorious future to the people humiliated by losing the war. Once they gained political power, these men became what-leaders who control their nations by force?

Dictators

With he collapse of Belgium, Allied troops retreated to the port of what in the north-west corner to Franc on the what. They were now trapped between the advancing Germans and the French coast. In a daring move, more than 800 British ships-warships, ferries, and fishing boats-joined an operation to rescue the troops. Crossing the Channel again and again, the boats evacuated more than 300,000 French and British troops to safety.

Dunkirk and the English Channel

Landing in Algeria and Morocco on November 8, American British, and Canadian troops under American general what advanced eastward swiftly. The inexperienced Americans met defeat in Tunisia. With the backing of British air and naval power, however, American general what close din on Rommel. The Allies drove the Germans out of North Africa in May 1943?

Dwight D. Eisenhower and George Patton

Stalin and many Americans military leaders wanted the Allies to launch a major attack on continental Europe across the English Channel. Such an attack would force the Germans to defend the heart of their own empire. Churchill however, argued that such an assault would be to difficult because of the German military presence in the area. FDR concluded that Churchill was right. The Allies made plans rot attack North Africa instead. The Axis forces there were under the command of German general what known aa "Desert Fox" because of his success in desert warfare?

Erwin Rommel

In 1935 Mussolini sent Italian forces to invade the African nation of what, which it annexed-took over as its own territory. The emperor Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for help: "God snd history will remember your judgement. It is us today. It will be you tomorrow." The League responded by banning trade in weapons and certain other materials with Italy, but it lacked the power to enforce the ban. Italy withdrew from the League and continued its aggressive policies, attacking and annexing its neighbor Albania in 1939?

Ethiopia

Although women had new job opportunities, they usually earned less than men. Moreover, when the war ended and the troops returned home, most women would lose their jobs. Still, the war opened new what to women and changed public opinion about women's right to work?

Fields

The attack devastated the American what, destroying many battleships, cruisers, and other vessels, Hundreds were destroyed or damaged. More than 2,300 soldiers, sailors, and civilians were killed?

Fleet

From Normandy, the Allies pushed across what. On August 25 French and American soldiers marched through joyful crowds and liberated Paris?

France

Germany fought for survival; on two what. In the east the Soviets pushed the German out of Eastern Europe. In the west the British and Americans approached the German border.

Fronts

With industries making war materials, Americans faced shortages of many consumer what. After 1942, for example, automakers stopped making new cars and turned instead to making tanks, planes, and trucks. Women could not buy stockings-silk imports from war-torn Asia had halted, and nylon was needed to make parachutes?

Goods

What, one of the president's secretaries, received an urgent call to report to the White House. She later recalled: "Most of the news on the.... attack was then coming to the White House by telephone from Admiral Stark, Chief of Naval Operations, at the Navy Department... each report more terrible than the last, and I could hear the shocked unbelief in Admiral Stark's voice?"

Grace Tully

The what had Germany extremely hard. Millions of people had lost their jobs, and its economy teetered on the edge of collapse. Germans rallied Adolf Hitler, a shrewd politician and a spellbinding speaker. Hitler gained popularity by exploiting people's concern about unchecked inflation and sever unemployment. Hitler also played upon bitterness over the Versailles treaty. The treaty had forced Germany to give up some of its territory and to make heavy payments to the victors.

Great Depression

In October 1941, the Japanese prime minister, Fumimaro Konoye, resigned. Konoye had been willing to negotiate with the United States because he did not believe Japan could defeat America in a war. The new prime minister, General what, did not share Konoye's views. Still, on November 20, negotiations were opened in Washington between the United States and Japan. At the same time, confident of Japan's military might, his government began planning an attack on the United States?

Hideki Tojo

Those who remained at home had to provide food and shelter for all those in what. Civilians also provided training, equipment, transportation, and medical care?

Uniform

Known as what (the leader), Mussolini quickly out an end to democratic rule in Italy. Civil liberties and the free press ceased to exist. Boys and girls of all ages were enrolled in military organizations that taught them loyalty to the new government. Mussolini built up Italy's military and vowed to recapture the glory of the ancient Romans?

Il Duce

The war had a tremendous what on the lives of women and minorities. It brought opportunity for new jobs and a new role in society. Yet for some, unfair treatment left lasting scars?

Impact

While Hitler and Mussolini were waging war in Europe, the Japanese were making. military conquests in the Far East. After seizing much of Chine in the 1930s, the Japanese have continued their expansion. After the fall of France in 1940, they seized the French colony of what in Southeast Asia. Japan also planned to take the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, and the American territory of the Philippines, primarily to acquire badly needed rubber and oil?

Indochina

Military and political leaders worried about the loyalty of the Japanese Americans if Japanese forces invaded the United States. The president directed the army to relocate more than 100,000 West Coast Japanese Americans to detention centers. Located mostly in desert areas, these what were crowded and uncomfortable. Conditions were harsh?

Internment camps

Many Native Americans left reservation to work in defense industries. Thousands of Native Americans served in the armed forces. What became a hero in the battle of Iwo Jima in the Pacific. A special group of Navajo formed the "code talkers." Many of the radio communications about troop movements and battle plans were being intercepted by the Japanese. The "code talkers" used special codes based on the Navajo language to send messages-a code that the Japanese never broke?

Ira Hayes

Hitler claimed that Germany had a right to expand its territory. Germanys neighbors watched uneasily as he rebuilt German's military strength in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. To gain support in his expansion plans, Hitler formed an alliance with what in 1936?

Italy

Pear Harbor was thew worst defeat in the United State military history. Yet, Pearl Harbor also United Americans. All debate about involvement in the war ended. On the day after Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war, calling December 7 "a date which will live in infamy." Congress quickly approved the president's request to declare war on what?

Japan

On January 1, 1942-three weeks after Pearl Harbor-the United States joined Britain, the Soviet Union, and 23 other Allied nations in vowing to defeat the Axis Powers. Although the what were conquering vast areas in the Pacific, the Allied leaders decided to concentrate first on defeating Hitler before defeating Japan. The situation in Europe was desperate. German forces occupied almost all of Europe and much of North Africa. If the Germans defeated the Soviets, Germany might prove unstoppable?

Japanese

In the 1920s, what rose to power as the Communist leader of the Soviet Union. He demanded complete obedience from the people he ruled and got it through the use of force. He executed his rivals, and sent millions of Russian to labor camps. He also reorganized the nation's economy, forcing millions of people onto government-owned farms.

Joseph Stalin

The war accelerated the population shift that had begun during World War I. Large numbers of African Americans moved from the rural South to industrialized cities in the North and the West in search of work. In some cities, racial tensions erupted in violence. The violence sometimes resulted in death. The riots inspired the African American poet what to write: "Yet you say we're fightin' for democracy. Then why don't democracy include me?"

Langston Hughes

With the election won, Roosevelt moved to support the Allies openly. At Roosevelt's urging, Congress approved the what Act in March 1941. The act allowed America to sell, Len, or lease arms or other weapons supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the United States." Britain which was running out of cash, was the first to use the act. Isolationists opposed the act, arguing that it would increase American involvement in the war?

Lend Lease Act

Afte rinvasino tese Soviet Union in June 1941, German troops had moved quickly into the nation's interior. By September the Germans surrounded what and began a what, or military blockade, that lasted nearly 900 days. The German attack continued, by it did not fall. As food ran out, the people of the city ate horses, cats, and dogs-even bread made from wallpaper paste. Thousands died. The Germans could not tale the city, however, and in early 1944 the siege was broken.

Leningrad and seige

All throughout the winter of 1939-1940 the western front was quiet. British and French forces settled in at the what, a string of steel -and-concrete bunkers along the German border from Belgium to Switzerland. In the spring the fighting began again. In April Hitler attacked what and what to the north, and the following month he turned west to invade what and what. The Netherlands and Belgium immediately asked for help from Great Britain and France-the what. After terrible bombings raids in the Netherlands, the Dutch surrendered. The Belgians fought courageously, but they too were overwhelmed.

Maginot Line, Denmark and Norway, and the Netherlands and Belgium

In September 1931, Japan launched an attack on the province of what in northeastern China. The League of Nations condemned the attack, but it took no action?

Manchuria

More than 250,000 Hispanic Americans serve din the armed forces. The Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military medal, was awarded to 12 Mexican Americans. What of Cuba became the first Hispanic woman officer in the Women's Army Corps. What of Puerto Rico became the first Hispanic four-star admiral since David Farragut to serve in the United States Navy?

Mercedes Cubría and Horacio Rivero

Equipping the troops and providing arms and other war materials required changes in the nation's economy. To speed up what-military and civilian preparations for the war-the American government created a number of new government agencies?

Mobilization

In the winter of 1943, the Allies met fierce resistance at the monastery town of what in central Italy, and their advanced faltered. The next January the Allies landed farther north at what, a seaport near Rome. German forces kept the Allies pinned down on the beaches at it for four months. The Allies finally broke through German lines in May and advanced toward what. They liberated it in June 1944?

Monte Cassino, Anzio, and Rome

German forces also attacked the other Soviet cities. In 1941 the Germans tried to capture the Soviet capital of what. Heavy losses and bad weather slowed their advance, but the Germans reached its outskirts by December. When all seemed lost, the Soviet staged a counterattack and forced a German retreat?

Moscow

Czechoslovakia was prepared to fight to keep the Sudetenland. Britain and France, fearing a full-fledged war in the region, sought a peaceful solution to the crisis. In September 1938, European leaders met in what ,Germany?

Munich

In the late 1920s, Adolf Hitler achieved wide popularity in Germany. In his, book Mein Kampf (what it means in English), Hitler set forth political views. "He who want to live must fight, and he who does not want to fight in this world, where eternal struggle is the law of life, has no right to exist?

My Struggle

In 1921 Hitler became chairman of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, or the what. Openly racist, Hitler and the Nazis portrayed the German as superior to all others. They directed much of their anger against Jews, who Hitler blamed for Germany's problems. His extreme what-hatred of Jews-would later lead to unspeakable horrors?

Nazi Party and Anti-Semitism

Many people underestimated Adolf Hitler's influence, but not American journalist William Shirer. He described a rally at Nuremberg in September 1934: "Like a Roman emperor Hitler rode into this medieval town.... The streets, hardly wider than alleys, are a sea brown and black uniforms..... When Hitler finally appeared on the balcony for a moment.... people looked at him as if he were a Messiah, their faces transformed into something positively inhuman." The passion of the what shocked Shirer, and soon it would shock the rest of the world?

Nazis

While dramatic changes were taking place in the world, most Americans wanted to avoid involvement. To keep the nation out of future wars, Congress passed a series of what between 1935 and 1937, which banned the sale of weapons to nations at war. The law also allowed trade only to nations that could pay cash for goods and transport the goods in their own ships. Many American loans to European countries from World War I remained unpaid and Congress wanted to prevent more debts?

Neutrality Acts

After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were freed and hated buy many other Americans were what-American citizens who had been born in the United States. But this fact made little difference to some who questioned the loyalty of Japanese Americans.

Nisei

Eisenhower planned to land his troops on the French coast of what on June 5, but rough seas forced him to delay the landing. Finally on June 6, 1944-what-the Allied ships landed on the coast of it?

Normandy and D-Day

The what established by the government, promoted patriotism and helped keep Americans united behind the war effort. It also broadcast messages all over the world?

Office of War Information

As the Soviets pushed toward Germany from the east, the Allies were planning a massive invasion of France for the west. General Eisenhower,, the commander of the Allied forces in Europe directed this invasion, known as what. Eisenhower later wrote of the tense days of preparation: "All southern England was one vast military coma, crowded with soldiers awaiting final word to go?"

Operation Overlord

At 7:55 A.M. on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese warplanes attacked the American military base at what, Hawaii. The American installations at it could not have been more vulnerable to attack. Ships were anchored in a neat row and airplanes were grouped together on the airfield, easy targets for a Japanese air attack. The Americans at it were taken completely by surprise. According to Rear Admiral R. Furlong, "In the navy housing areas around it, people couldn't imagine what was wrecking Sunday morning. Captain Reynolds Hayden, enjoying breakfast at his home on Hospital Point, thought it was construction blasting... Lieutenant C. E. Boudreau, drying down after a shower, thought an oil tank had blown up near his quarters... until a Japanese plan almost grazed the bathroom window. Chief Petty Officer Albert Molter, puttering around his Ford Island flat, thought a drill was going on until his wife Esther called, Al there's a battleship tipping over."

Pearl Harbor

What and his family were sent to a camp in Colorado. His father had come to California in 1904 and built a successful fruit and vegetable business. After the war he remembered how his father had suffered. "After all those years, having worked his whole life to build a dream-having all all taken away... He died a broken man?"

Peter Ota

On September 1, 1939, Hitler sent his armies into what. Two days later Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. World Way II had begun.

Poland

Meanwhile, Hitler was making plans to invade what. He worried, however, that such an attack would anger Stalin because it bordered the Soviet Union. Though bitter enemies, Hitler and Stalin signed a treaty called the what in August 1939. The pact freed Hitler to use force against it without fear of Soviet intervention. The Nazi-Soviet pact shocked the leaders of Europe?

Poland and the Soviet-German Non-Agression Pact

With only days to prepare for the move, most Japanese Americans left valuable what behind. Many abandoned their homes and businesses or sold them at a loss. Most had to stay in internment camps for the next three years.

Possessions

In a speech in 1937, what expressed the feeling of many Americans toward the growing "epidemic of world lawlessness": "We are determined to keep out of war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against the disastrous effects of war and the dangers of involvement?"

President Franklin Roosevelt

In addition many resources and goods needed for the war effort were what-consumers could by only limited numbers of them. Americans used government-issued books of ration coupons to purchase certain items, such as shoes, gasoline, tires, sugar, and meat. When people ran out of coupons people did without these items?

Rationed

Hitler began moving forward with his plans for expansion. In March 1936, he ordered troops into the what. The Treaty of Versailles had declared it a German territory west of the Rhine River, a neutral zone.

Rhineland

With the world in crisis, President Roosevelt decided to run for a third term, breaking the tradition set by George Washington. The Republicans chose as their candidate a former Democrat-business leader Wendell L. Willkie of Indiana. Willkie approved almost all of Roosevelt's New Deal reforms and generally agreed with his foreign policy. Public sentiment to stay out of the war was so strong that Roosevelt promised the American people, "Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars." What won an easy victory?

Roosevelt

As millions of men joined the armed forces, more women than ever before entered the labor force. In factories women worked as welders and riveters and in other jobs previously held by men. An advertising campaign featuring a character called the what encouraged women to take factory jobs. For many women it was their first opportunity to work outside the home.

Rosie the Riveter

Sixteen-year-old John Garcia, like others who witnessed the attack on Pearl Harbor, never forgot it: "My grandmother.... informed me that the Japanese were bombing Pearl Harbor. I said, "They're just practicing." She said, no, it was real and the announcer is requesting that all Pearl Harbor workers to report to work... I was asked.... to go into the water and get what out that had been blown off the ships. Some were unconscious, some were dead. So, I spent the rest of the day swimming inside the harbor, along with some other Hawaiians... We worked all day at that."

Sailors

Durning the war, industry soared. Factories produced more than 70,000 ships, almost 100,000 tanks and airplanes, and millions of guns. Production speed increased as well. Some cargo what were built in a matter of weeks?

Ships

The Allies used bases in North Africa to launch an invasion of Southern Europe. They took the island of what in the summer of 1943 and landed on the Italian mainland in September. As the Allies advanced, the Italians overthrew dictator Benito Mussolini and surrendered. However, German forces in Italy continued to fight.

Sicily

After Stalingrad, a major Soviet offensive drove the German back hundreds miles. The Germans mounted a counteroffensive in the summer of 1943, but their defeat at what marked a major turning point in the war?

Stalingrad

In the spring of 1942, Germany launched another offensive. A amor target was the city of what, key to oil-rick lands to the south. To take the city, the German shad to fight street by street and house by house. No sooner had the German's won it than the Soviet forces surrounded the city, cutting off the German supply lines. Cold and starving, the German troops fought on until February 1943, when the tattered remains of their army finally surrendered?

Stalingrad

German what in the Atlantic Ocean had been sinking British ships, including those carrying supplies from the United States. In mid-1941, American ships began escorting convoys of British merchant ships. After the Germans began firing on American destroyers, Roosevelt issued a "shoot on sight" order to American naval vessels that found German and Italian ships in certain areas?

Submarines

Hitler turned to the what, an area of Czechoslovakia where many German speaking people lived. Falsely claiming that these people were being persecuted, Hitler announced Germany's right to annex it?

Sudetenland

In November 1942, the British turned Rommel back at El Alamein. The victory prevented the Germans form capturing the what, linking the Mediterranean and the Red Sea?

Suez Canal

With the war effort came many sacrifices. For millions of American families, the war meant separation from loved ones serving overseas. Those at home lived in dread of receiving a what announcing that a family member had been killed, wounded, or captured?

Telegram

The United States watched the war in Europe with growing concern. Although most Americans sympathized with the Allies, they were determined to avoid war. Isolationists banded together to form the what. Its members thought the United States should keep out of Europe's business. Among those who led the group were aviation hero Charles Lindbergh and automaker Henry Ford?

The America First Committee

In August 1941, President Roosevelt and British prime minister Churchill met and drew up the what.While Roosevelt made no military commitments, he joined Churchill in setting goals for a world after "the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny." The two nations pledged that the people of every nation would be free to chose their own form of government and live free of "fear and want." They urged what-giving up military weapons-and the creation of a "permanent system of general security?"

The Atlantic Charter and disarmament

From 1941 to the end of World War II, the United States spent more than 320 billion dollars on the war effort-10 times the amount spent in World War I. Much of this money was raised through taxes. The what raised corporate taxes and required nearly all Americans to pay income taxes. Congress approved a system for withholding taxes from workers' paychecks-a practice still in effect?

The Revenue Act of 1942

Frustrated by his fail in Britain, Hitler decided to realize one of his oldest dreams-to destroy the what. Ignoring the pact he made with Stalin, Hitler launched an attack on it in June 1941. Within months German armies had moved into its territory. It joined the Allies in their fight against the Axis Powers?

The Soviet Union

The what supervised the conversion of industries to war production. Under its guidance, automakers shifted from building cars to producing trucks and tanks. The what helped resolve labor disputes that might slow down war production?

The War Production Board, Office of Price Administrations, and National War Labor Board

Soon after he became chancellor, or chief minister, of Germany in 1933, Hitler ended all democracy and established totalitarian rule. In a what state, a single party and its leader surpasses all opposition and control all aspects of people's lives?

Totalitarian

About one million African men and women served in the armed forces during the war. At first most were given low-level assignments and kept in segregated units. Gradually. military leaders assigned them to integrated units. In 1942 the army began training whites and African Americans together in officer candidate school. Finally, African Americans were allowed to take combat assignments. The 332nd Fighter Group, known and the what, shot down more than 200 enemy planes. What, who trained at the Tuskegee flying school, became the first African American general in the United States. His father Benjamin Davis Sr., had been the first African American general in the army?

Tuskegee Airman and Benjamin Davis Jr.

For the first time, large numbers of women served in the military. About 250,000 women served in the what, the what, and women's units in the marines, Coast Guard, and army air corps. These women did not fight in combat-most performed clerical tasks or worked as nurses-but they played important roles in the war effort?

WACs (Women's Army Corps) and WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency in the Navy)

All that stood between Hitler's domination of Western Europe was Great Britain. In August 1940, the Germans bombed British shipyards, industries, and cities, destroying entire neighborhoods of London killing many civilians. Hitler's goal was to break British morale before invading Britain. The British people endured, however, in part because of the inspiration of Prime Minister what, When Hitler called for Britain to surrender, he responded defiantly: "We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender?"

Winston Churchill