Chapter 27 History 112 Terms

reconcentration

1896 Spanish policy designed to control the Cuban people by forcing them to live in fortified camps; American outrage over this leads some politicians to call for war against Spain.

Valeriano Weyler

"Butcher Weyler" Spanish governor in charge of suppressing the Cuban revolution, 1896-1898; his brutal "reconcentration" tactics earned him the nickname of the "Butcher" in America's yellow press.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

the Rough Rider

Teddy Roosevelt resigned from being the assistant secretary of the Navy in 1898 in order to form this group, which was the first volunteer Calvary in the Spanish American War. Although the original intent for the group was the American Indians to be the majority, TR made it more of a mixed group of Elites. The highest point for the group was assisting the seizure of San Juan Hill, but the group also contributed to the capture of Kettle Hill

guerilla warfare

This type of warfare uses hit and run tactics, never knowing where the enemy is going to be.

Platt Amendment

forced into Cuban Constitution. Cuba could not make treaties with other nations; US had right to intervene in Cuba; US naval bases on Cuban land

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

jingoism

Excessive, loud patriotism and aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

French Canal Company engineer who incited rebellion in Panama so US could build canal against Colombia's wishes and got Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed for 10 mi. wide canal, .25 mil to Panama, and $10 mil up front

insular cases

1901 - 1903. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not follow the flag; Congress was free to administer each overseas possession as it chose, depending on the particular situation

imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially. This led to the creation of a number of European empires which extended around the world.

Russo-Japanese War

"The first great war of the 20th century," it grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba. The amendment was passed as many in the muckraking press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the U.S

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Open Door notes

A series of letters sent in 1899 by US secretary of state John hey to Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia, howling for equal economic access to the China market for all states and for the maintenance of the Tarrant Oreo and administrative integrity of the Chinese empire.

Pan-American Conference

were meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues. They were first introduced by James G. Blaine of Maine in order to establish closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors, specifically Latin America. Blaine hoped that ties between the USA and its southern counterparts would open Latin American markets to U.S. trade.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Alfred Thayer Mayhan

1890. Wrote "Influence of Sea Power upon History." Stated that great nations had great Sea Power. Suggested Securing national markets, establishing coaling stations across pacific, and solve the two coast problem by building a canal- Panama canal.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Portsmouth Conference

After Japan an Russia began fighting in 1904, Japan was fighting well until they began running short on money and men. They asked Roosevelt in secrecy to sponsor peace negotiations and he agreed. Delegates from both sides met in New Hampshire in 1905. The Japanese demanded a huge indemnity and the entire island of Sakhalin but the Russians refused to admit defeat. Roosevelt eventually helped to work out a deal. The Japanese would receive no indemnity for losses and only the Southern half of Sakhalin. For this conference and another involving Spain, TR earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. In the end this conference hurt relations with both Russia and Japan. Russia felt they had been cheated of a military victory, Japan felt they had been cheated of compensation.

big-stick diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Philippine insurrection

Even before the Philippines was annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filippinos. The situation deteriorated and eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo helped Americans fight Spain only to turn on them once free. In 1901, Aguinaldo surrendered which greatly hurt the Filippino cause. The Philippines was not an independent nation until July 4, 1946.

Dupuy de Lome

He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War.

Anti-Imperialist League

Organization formed in 1898 to oppose American annexation of the Philippines and American imperialism in general; focused the public on the potential financial, military, and especially moral costs of imperialism

Boxer Rebellion

Rebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. Caused by foreign (American and European) "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. Led to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead.

spheres of influence

Region in which political and economic control is exerted by on European nation to the exclusion of all others. Spheres of influence appeared primarily in the East, and also in Africa.

Treaty of Paris

Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War. Under its terms, Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt; it also ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States. At the insistence of the U.S. representatives, Spain also ceded the Phillipines. The Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899.

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Took over the preexisting Clayton Bulwer Treaty with Britain. This allowed United States a free hand in building the canal and fortifying it. Many American experts favored a route across Nicaragua, but agents of the old French Canal Company were eager to salvage something from their costly failure at S-shaped Panama. Represented by young, energetic and unscrupulous engineer, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, the New Panama Canal Company lowered price of holdings from $109 million to $40 million. 1902, Congress decided to build Panama Canal.

USS Maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

John Hay

U.S. secretary of state [at the time of the Qing Dynasty who sent a note to different countries, such as Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Germany, and Russia, to discuss the respect of an equal trading opportunity in China.