Chapter 27 The United States Becomes a World Power

Point 14

Called for nations to join a general association of countries to protect each other's independence. Wilson called this organization the league of Nations. With the league of Nations, Wilson believed, the world could achieve a lasting peace.

Who stopped the German forces on the Western front at the Marnes River?

British and French troops

What happened to the British in the first battle of Somme?

British fought in France in 1916. British only gained 5 miles in lost 420,000 men.

For the next three years after 1914, how were wars in the west fought?

From two parallel lines of trenches, the new kind of warfare. The lines of trenches stretched for 600 miles across France.

What was the Roosevelt Corallary?

President Theodore Roosevelt's claim that the United States could intervene to preserve peace and order in the Western Hemisphere and protect U.S. interests.

Pacifists

People who oppose war for political, moral, or religious reasons

What did the German embassy in the U.S. warn?

Warned passengers not to sail to Great Britain and take the Lusitania

Why did Theodore Roosevelt call for the United States to build a canal?

to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

In 1916, Wilson one reelection under what slogan?

"He kept us out of war"

What did the telegram order?

"In the event of declaration of war, [begin] offensive operations in Philippine Islands."The Spanish-American War had expanded to include the Philippine Islands, halfway around the globe from Cuba.

How much did World War I cost the US?

$35.5 billion

When did America finally grant the Philippines independence?

1946

What happened when Congress quickly authorized a national draft?

3 million men were drafted. 2 million more volunteered

What was the Lusitania?

A British luxury liner

What happened on June 28, 1914, when the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was visiting the city of Sarajevo in the province of Bosnia?

A Serbian nationalist jumped out of a crowd and fatally shot the archduke and his wife.

What is militarism?

A policy of glorifying military power and military ideas and values

Points 1-5

Aimed to prevent conflict. Nations were asked to avoid secret treaties, to practice free-trade, and to reduce their weapon supplies. New borders be drawn based on self-determination.

US troops who sailed over seas were called what?

American expeditionary force

What did anti-imperialists believe about U.S. actions in the Philippines?

Anti-imperialists thought there would be two groups of Americans; one higher than the other. Also, we need to take care of ourselves first and its against our beliefs.

What day did congress declare war?

April 6, 1917

How did European countries try to stay safe in the years before 1914?

As tensions grew, European leaders looked for safety in militarism and alliances.

What happened after the USS Maine exploded in Cuba?

Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt sent a telegram to Admiral George Dewey, the head of the U.S. fleet in the Pacific.

What happened when great Britain lead mines in the North Sea?

Blockade - stopped neutral shipping - kept German fleets in harbors.

April 1898

Congress voted to go to war with Spain.

When did construction on the Panama Canal begin and when did it open?

Construction began in 1904 and the canal opened in 1914.

What were five ways the U.S. helped the allies win WWI?

Convoys of U.S. warships escorted cargo vessels protecting from attacks. US destroyers helped British Navy assault U-boats. Millions of US soldiers fought. US machine guns and artillery pushed Germans back. Americans reinforced the exhausted French.

What did the Zimmerman note do?

Created a sensation in the US and stirred anti-German feelings across the nation.

Closer to the United States, Americans established huge sugar plantationson the Caribbean island of _______, only 90 miles from Florida.

Cuba

What were the terms of the Spanish-American war peace treaty?

Cuban independence from Spain, U.S. gained Puerto Rico and Guam.

Points 6 - 13

Described the new boundaries many European countries

What is nationalism?

Devotion to a national or ethnic identity, including the desire for independence from rule by foreign countries.

What happened just five days after the United States declared war against Spain?

Dewey's fleet arrived in Manila, the Philippines capital.

How did American show their support for the war effort?

Families saved tin cans, paper, old toothpaste tubes for recycling into war materials. Women went to churches to knit blankets and socks were soldiers. Many joined Red Cross chapters.

How did American conserve during the war?

Farmers produced more food. Government began to campaign that urged Americans to save food so more would go to US troops in Europe. Meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays. Planted victory Gardens in backyards in public places to increase food supply.

Why were Filipino fighters willing to ally themselves with Admiral Dewey and the United States? Why did they eventually feel betrayed by the United States?

Filipino fighters thought they could gain independence from the U.S. They eventually felt betrayed because Congress voted to annex the Philipenes after buying them from Spain.

Why did Roosevelt offer $10 million to Columbia? Why did Columbia refuse?

For land in Panama. The Colombian senate refused, believing that the United States was trying to take a weaker country's valuable resources.

The Spanish - American war lasted just ________.

Four months

What happened in the second battle of the Somme in the spring of 1918?

German forces opened a series of offensive attacks.

Germany did watch to avoid invasion?

German leaders agreed to an armistice or cease-fire.

How was Germany treated at the peace conference?

German representatives were not allowed to speak. They created a treaty that forced Germany to disband almost all of its armed forces, give up its colonies, and surrender territory in Europe. Also, pay reparations, $33 billion.

What country had a strong navy but only had access to the North Sea?

Germany

What did Germany announce because of this fear?

Germany announced might sink vessels flying flags of neutral countries

What did Germany fear?

Germany feared British would disguise as neutral ships

What did Germany promise and apologize hoping to keep the US out of war?

Germany offered to pay for damages and promise not to attack merchant and passenger ships without warning again

What happened when President Wilson protested?

Germany said the Lusitania had been carrying arms

What country was the world's greatest fleet and had numerous ocean ports?

Great Britain

Despite the planters' wishes, President ________ refused to support the annexation of Hawaii. Cleveland, who opposed imperialism, said that Hawaii should be ruled by Hawaiians.

Grover Cleveland

Commerce drove U.S. expansionists to develop an interest in _____, a group of islands located in the Pacific Ocean.

Hawaii

Adolf Hitler in the Treaty of Versailles

Hitler felt betrayed by the treaty. Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s would pose fresh challenge to US isolationism.

Britain got hold of the note from whom that was supposed to go to whom?

In code, sent by the German Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmerman to the German minister in Mexico.

What did Zimmerman suggest?

In late February 1917, if US joined war, Mexico and Germany should ally.

Propaganda

Information or ideas spread by a group or government to promote its cause or ideas or to damage an opposing cause or idea.

Open Door Policy

It called on foreign nations to allow free trade in China.

US commanders General John J. Pershing hated what?

John J. Pershing hated trench warfare and he wanted Germans out of the trenches and into open country.

What were some hardships of working on the Canal?

Lack of water; had to use same water to bathe, drink,wash clothes: diseases, tools.

José Martí

Leader of uprising when Cuba tried to win their independence in 1895 but it did not succeed.

What were trenches infested with?

Lice, rats, and disease. They were wretched places.

What did machine guns do?

Machine guns fired hundreds of bullets a minute.

What were three changes in warfare during World War I?

Machine guns, poison gas, trenches

In addition to arranging the purchase of Alaska, Seward also secured the rights to the ________.

Midway Islands

What were the 5 causes of World War 1? (MANIA)

Militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination

Why did Russians revolts against a ruler, the czar?

Millions of soldiers were dead and starvation was spreading across the country.

USS Maine

New battleship sent by McKinley to Havana, Cuba in January 1898. An explosion destroyed it killing all soldiers. (One of the causes of Spanish American War)

When was the armistice or cease-fire signed?

November 11, 1918

How did the government raise money for the war?

One third was taxes, rest was by selling bonds. A bond is a document issued by government or company that promises to pay back the money and an additional amount.

"A splendid little war."

Only 345 Americans died in combat and 5500 died of disease. Secretary of State John Hay said this.

Under pressure from the planters, the Hawaiians agreed in 1887 to let the United States establish a naval base at ______ on the island of Oahu.

Pearl Harbor

League of Nations opposition

Other countries would force US soldiers to fight in international conflicts. Argued only Congress had the constitutional power to send Americans to war,

What happened when Panama was freed from Columbia?

Panama agreed to accept $10 million in exchange for U.S. control over a canal zone and construction began.

The German forces rushed to capture ______ before large numbers of Americans could arrive from overseas.

Paris

Anti-German hysteria

Propaganda and patriotism sometime stirred this up. Employers fired German American workers, fearing wrecked machinery or report to Germany. Music group stopped playing music written by German composers. Libraries removed books by German writers.

1891

Queen Liliuokalani took throne and people rallied around her call of "Hawaii for Hawaiians".

What would Germany hope Mexico do if they allied?

Regain lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.

What became known as the Big Stick Policy?

Roosevelt believed in working patiently to achieve goals overseas but using force if necessary. A strong approach to foreign affairs.

What did Roosevelt do that caused a revolution to start? What was the result of the revolution?

Roosevelt sent a warship to Panama. U.S. won and freed Panama from Columbia.

What country did German troops fight on Germany's Eastern front?

Russia

Who dropped out of the war?

Russia

In 1867, Secretary of State ________ arranged for the United States to purchase Alaska from Russia.

Seward

"Seward's Folly"

The deal to purchase Alaska from Russia

Why did some people believe that expansionism was against American ideals and values?

Some people thought it would cause revolutions abroad and non-whites in other countries could never learn American values. It was contrary to American values.

How did Yellow Journalism spark the Spanish - American war?

Some stories were based on rumors and lies.

Reconcentration camps

Spanish herded men, women, and children and forced them to live with inadequate food and medical care. Tens of thousands of people died.

1893

Sugar planters and U.S. marines forced queen Liliuokalani to give up her throne.

What happened in a single battle by the end of 1914?

The French lost 300,000 men. Germany lost more than 130,000 men.

What happened the next spring of 1915?

The Germans invented poison gas. Both sides for using chemical weapons.

What happened on May 7, 1915 60s after leaving New York?

The Lusitania neared Ireland and a torpedo shot. It killed 1198 people, including 128 Americans "wholesale murder".

What did Roosevelt remind his audience about, about the Monroe Doctrinet that was issued by President Monroe in 1823?

The Monroe Doctrine was to prevent further European colonization in the Americas.

Where was the Philippines? What did the Filipinos try to do?

The Philippines provided Spain's main base in the Pacific. The Filipinos had tried many times to throw off Spanish colonial rule. General Emilio Aguinaldo.

What did the Russian Revolution do?

The Russian Revolution ended 400 years of monarchy and led to the creation of a communist government.

How did the U.S. Senate react to the treaty of Versailles?

The Senate rejected the treaty because it did not want the U.S. to join the League of Nations.

1898

The U.S. annexed Hawaii under President McKinley.

What country did the most traded by sea?

The United States

What was the treaty negotiated after Spain surrendered to America?

The United States "bought" the Philippines from Spain for $20 million. Then, in 1899, Congress voted to annex the Philippines.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last queen of Hawaii who wanted to keep Hawaii for Hawaiians.

Who were the majority of employees?

The majority of employees were workers from the West Indies who could not afford to go home.

How did Congress make sure there were enough American soldiers to fight in World War I?

The military draft made sure there were enough American soldiers to fight approved in to May 1917.

How did countries supply their soldiers with food, ammunition, and other supplies?

The nations bought goods from neutral countries and each side try to cut off the flow of supplies to its enemies.

Expansionism

The policy of expanding a nation's territory or economic influence

Imperialism

The policy of extending a nation's power by gaining political and economic control over other countries.

Yellow Journalism

The practice of publishing sensational and often exaggerated news in newspapers in order to attract readers and increase sales.

March 1920

The senates rejected the Treaty of Versailles

Patriot groups like the American protective League

These groups tried to enforce what they called "100% Americanism". Their members sometimes walked around immigrant neighborhoods looking for signs of disloyalty. They also sent the Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI) names of people they suspected of disloyalty.

What did Germany do because they weren't able to use surface ships?

They used submarines, "U-boats" to blockade Great Britain.

Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

They went to Cuba and captured San Juan Hill.

Espionage act

This law made it a crime to say anything that was disloyal about the government. Hundreds of people were arrested for offenses such as criticizing the military draft or wartime taxes. 1917

Sedition act

This law made it a crime to try to interfere with the military draft. It also set severe penalties for spying. 1918

Derive

To get from

Why did Theodore Roosevelt want to join the Atlantic and Pacific oceans?

To improve trade and make it easier to defend U.S. territories. Businesses would benefit from lower shipping costs.

What does coordinating mean?

To organize things are people so they work well together.

What does exert mean?

To put out effort to make something happen

Wilson need the approval of _______ of the US Senate to ratify the peace treaty.

Two thirds

What did U.S. Expansionists believe about U.S. actions in the Philippines?

U.S. Expansionists thought the Philippines could become a land of plenty and we could continue trading with China.

Why did the U.S. quickly win?

U.S. marines kept Colombian soldiers from reaching Panama's harbors.

What did the US due under the promise?

US manufacturers increased trade with allies

What events led to President Wilson to ask Congress to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917?

When Germany attacked the U.S.'s battleship, the Lusitania, and killed a lot of men. Also, Germany wanted to help next to go read game territory from the U.S.

Isolationism

When the League of Nations opened in Geneva, Switzerland, the United States did not participate

Outraged, Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of having a hand in the assassinations and pressured Serbia to give up most of its independence. What happened?

When the Serbs refused, Austria-Hungary declared war. The Russians stepped in to defend the Serbs. The Germans came to the aid of Austria-Hungary by declaring war on Russia. Russia's ally, France, began to prepare for war.

Who presented the 14 point peace plan to Congress?

Wilson

Who were the main leaders at the peace conference?

Wilson, David Lloyd George of England, Georges ClementLeau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy.

How did each side protect the front of its trench?

With Barbed wire and booby traps. the land between was no-mans- land.

Russia's new government made peace with the Germans enabling the Germans to do what?

enabled Germany to bring soldiers back from the east, swelling their western forces to 3,500,000 men.

Did U.S. expansionists or anti-imperialists win?

expansionists