Chapter 28
Which instruction is appropriate when helping a new EMT care for a male patient with a laceration to his left arm?
"Don't worry about removing embedded dirt from the wound, just the dirt around the laceration."
Which statement made by the EMT shows an understanding of dressing and bandaging a wound?
"I always leave the tips of the fingers or toes exposed when bandaging the arm or leg so future assessment of circulation is possible."
A 29 year old male was cutting limbs from a tree when he lost his footing and fell approximately 20 feet. He is unresponsive and breathing shallowly at 28 times per minute. His radial pulse is weak and thready and his skin is cool to the touch. EMRs have placed him on a nonrebreather face mask and are holding manual in line stabilization. Based on these assessment findings, which one of the following instructions should you provide to the EMRs?
"Let's take off the oxygen mask and start positive pressure ventilation to assist his breathing."
While riding a bike, a young boy fell onto a stick protruding from the ground. The stick impaled him in the neck. The boy immediately pulled the stick out and ran home, where his mother called 911. Assessment reveals a gaping wound to the right neck. All hemorrhage has clotted off and manual in line spinal stabilization is being maintained. Which one of the following instructions should you provide to the other EMT's on scene?
"Place an occlusive dressing over the wound and tape on all four sides."
Which one of the following statements shows an understanding of shock caused by internal bleeding;
"You should always suspect internal bleeding in a patient with the signs and symptoms of shock but no external bleeding.
Which statement demonstrates an understanding of shock caused by internal bleeding?
"You should always suspect internal bleeding in a patient with the signs and symptoms of shock but no external bleeding."
A patient with a head injury presents with abnormal flexion of his extremities. What numeric value should you assign to him for motor response?
3
Which patient requires the EMT to remove an impaled object in the field?
A young female with a broken pencil through her cheek and into the oropharynx; blood from the injury is flowing into her throat
Which one of the types of injuries is MOST likely to result in capillary bleeding only?
Abrasion
A patient was assaulted and sustained various and multiple injuries. Which injury does the EMT recognize as presenting the greatest risk for infection?
Abrasion to the right side of the face
A middle-aged male's arm became caught in a grinding machine and was then immediately removed by coworkers. As you approach the patient, you note him to be holding a bloody towel over a severely deformed right arm. The patient is alert and anxious, and he has a patent airway. His breathing is adequate, and his left radial pulse is fast and weak. You note his skin to be cool and diaphoretic. Of the actions listed, which would be done first for this patient?
Administer oxygen through a nonrebreather mask.
You have been dispatched for a patient whose arm was caught in a grinding machine. Assessment reveals a deformed arm covered with a bloody towel. The patient is alert and anxious, and has a patent airway. His breathing is adequate. Radial pulse is fast but strong. Which one of the following should you do next?
Administer oxygen through a nonrebreather mask.
A middle-aged male's arm became caught in a grinding machine, and the arm was eventually extricated from the machine by coworkers. As you approach the patient, you note him to be holding a bloody towel over a severely deformed right arm. The patient is alert and anxious, and he has a patent airway. His breathing is adequate and his left radial pulse is fast and strong. You note his skin to be cool and diaphoretic. Given this information, which care would be provided first for this patient?
Administer supplemental oxygen
A patient presents with an arrow impaled in the right lower quadrant of his abdomen. He is in excruciating pain and states that he was accidentally shot by a friend while hunting. While there is no external bleeding coming from the injury, the surrounding skin is ecchymotic. Other assessment findings indicate early shock. Your partner manually provides stabilization to the arrow. Which action should the EMT perform first?
Administer supplemental oxygen.
A male patient has been shot in the chest with a small-caliber gun. What presentation indicates that he is in an early stage of shock?
Alert and anxious, pulse 96, BP 134/88 mmHg, pale and cool skin
You are called for an alert and oriented female who had a cesarean section several days ago. Today she bent over and tore the surgical incision open. There is a moderate amount of bleeding coming from the site. What should the EMT do to control the bleeding?
Apply a large dressing over the incision.
A construction worker has a metal rod impaled in his right forearm. Assessment of the injury indicates heavy bleeding from around the impaled object. What should you do first?
Apply direct pressure around the rod.
You have arrived on a scene where a young girl has pushed her arms through a plate glass window. She is responsive to painful stimuli and has blood spurting from a large laceration on her right upper arm. Your paramedic partner yells for you to immediately apply direct pressure to the laceration to prevent further blood loss, while he works to control the airway. You have yet to apply latex gloves, but are wearing goggles and a gown. What would you do next?
Apply gloves prior to applying direct pressure over the injury site.
You have just applied a pressure dressing to the leg of a woman who suffered a deep laceration to her calf from a piece of broken glass. What should you do next?
Assess for a pedal pulse.
A young female was involved in an altercation and was stabbed in the abdomen with an ice pick. After being stabbed, she quickly removed the ice pick. She states that there was not much bleeding but does say that it "stings" quite a bit. Assessment reveals a small puncture wound to the right upper quadrant with some dried blood around the site. What BEST describes the primary focus of the EMT in caring for this patient?
Assessing for internal blood loss or shock
Assessment findings of a driver who was ejected from his vehicle in a rollover type collision include unresponsiveness and bruising to the abdominal and pelvic areas along with an open femur fracture. The patient has an open airway and is breathing at 32 times per minute. The skin is cool and clammy and the radial pulses are weak. Manual in line spinal stabilization is being maintained. Which one of the following is the EMT's initial intervention?
Assist respirations.
Which one of the following statements about dressings and bandage is true?
Bandages should not be applied until bleeding is controlled.
Which statement about dressings and bandages is TRUE?
Bandages should not be applied until bleeding is controlled.
Your patient sustained blunt trauma to the chest in a MVA, and you suspect shock. While conducting the reassessment, which one of the following findings best indicates that the patient is deteriorating?
Blood pressure 86/50 mmHg.
A 24-year-old female was an unrestrained driver of a car that struck a guardrail, causing her to sustain blunt trauma to the chest and abdomen. Vitals obtained by Emergency Medical Responders (EMRs) are pulse 120, respirations 22, blood pressure 100/58 mmHg, and SpO2 96%. As you transport her to the hospital, what finding indicates that the patient is acutely deteriorating?
Blood pressure 86/50 mmHg
A patient has fallen and suffers a contusion to her arm. Which one of the following statements about contusions is true?
Blood vessels in the dermal layer have ruptured.
What statement regarding contusions is true?
Blood vessels in the dermal layer have ruptured.
While en route to a domestic violence incident with possible injuries, the police contact you and report that a male patient has arterial bleeding from a stab wound to the arm. Given this information, which bleeding characteristics do you expect?
Bright red blood that is spurting with each beat of the heart
While you are en route to a domestic dispute with possible injuries, the police contact you and report a male patient with arterial bleeding from a stab wound to the arm. Given this information, what would you expect to see on arrival?
Bright red blood that is spurting with each beat of the heart
An alert and oriented patient has had a portion of his hand amputated by a table saw. Assessment reveals the patient to be in great pain with a moderate amount of dark red blood still coming from the injury site. His airway is open, and his breathing is fast, but adequate. The radial pulse is rapid and strong, and his skin is warm and dry. The patient's hand has been placed in a bag of ice by coworkers. What should the EMT do immediately?
Control the bleeding with direct pressure.
Assessment of an 88-year-old female who fell reveals bruising to her right buttock. The skin is intact and the patient complains of tenderness to the area when you palpate. As a knowledgeable EMT, you would recognize what type of injury?
Contusion
A patient was building a bomb in his garage when it accidentally detonated. Assessment findings from the rapid secondary assessment reveal intestine and a portion of the liver protruding from the right side of the abdomen. Proper care of this injury would include which of the following?
Covering the exposed organs with a large sterile dressing soaked with sterile water
Which sign or symptom of shock will be observed last?
Decreased blood pressure
Which signs and symptoms of shock will be observed last?
Decreased blood pressure
You suspect that a patient involved in a MVA is in shock. As a knowledgeable EMT, you know that which one of the following signs and symptoms of shock will be observed last?
Decreased blood pressure.
What BEST describes a topical hemostatic agent?
Dressing specially designed to stop bleeding
When assessing a patient, you note a bruise to his chest. On the prehospital care report, the discoloration due to this injury is properly documented as:.
Ecchymosis
In providing prehospital care to a patient with a soft-tissue injury, which statement is TRUE?
Hands must be washed even if gloves were worn during care.
When providing prehospital care to a female patient with a soft-tissue injury, which statement is true?
Hands should be washed even if gloves were worn during care
Your patient is confused and anxious after falling 20 feet from a ladder onto the grass below. What sign is most suggestive of shock?
Heart rate of 112
A patient is confused and anxious after falling 20 feet from a ladder onto the grass below. Which clinical finding described is most suggestive of shock?
Heart rate of 112 beats per minute
You are called for an 8-year-old boy who has fallen. On scene the boy's mother states that he was running while flying a kite and tripped, striking his face on a rock. Assessment reveals a large reddish-blue lump with intact skin under his left eye. When alerting the hospital emergency department of your arrival, you should inform them that the patient has what type of injury?
Hematoma
You are called for an 8 year old boy who has fallen. On scene the boy's mother states that he was running while flying a kite and tripped, striking his face on a rock. Assessment reveals a large reddish-blue lump with intact skin under his left eye. When alerting the hospital emergency department of your arrival, you should inform them that the patient has what type of injury?
Hematoma.
A pregnant 31-year-old has been shot in the neck. Currently, she is responsive to verbal stimuli, with an open airway and rapid, but adequate respirations. Her radial pulse is weak and fast. Vital signs are as follows: pulse 152, respirations 22, blood pressure 92/76, and SpO2 at 100% on high-concentration oxygen. When caring for this patient, what other intervention will most benefit this patient?
Immobilization and immediate transport
You are transporting a male patient who was stabbed in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. On scene the patient was alert and oriented with a patent airway and adequate respirations. There was minimal hemorrhage from the stab wound, which was covered with a sterile dressing. Oxygen was applied and transport was initiated. During the reassessment, which one of the following assessment findings should the EMT consider of most concern?
Increase in heart rate and unexplained restlessness
You are transporting a male patient who was stabbed in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. On scene, the patient was alert and oriented with a patent airway and adequate respirations. There was minimal hemorrhage from the stab wound, which was covered with a sterile dressing. Oxygen was applied, and transport was initiated. During the reassessment, which of the findings is of MOST concern?
Increase in heart rate and unexplained restlessness
A patient sustained a crush injury after being pinned by a car that fell off jack-stands while the patient was underneath the car working on it. The injury occurred to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Assessment shows bruising to that area, with instability noted to the lowest rib. The EMT's highest concern regarding this injury should be:
Injury to the spleen
A 62-year-old male was the restrained driver of a car that was hit on the driver's side. Emergency Medical Responders have extricated and fully immobilized him with a cervical collar and long board. When asked, he complains of dizziness as well as leg and arm pain. Assessment reveals multiple contusions and deformity to his left forearm and a laceration with minor bleeding to the left side of his face. His airway is open and his breathing is labored. A rapid radial pulse is felt. Skin is cool and dry. What assessment finding would the EMT address first?
Labored breathing
A 62 year old male was the restrained driver of a car that was hit on the driver's side. EMR's have extricated and fully immobilized him with a cervical collar and long board. When asked, he complains of dizziness as well as leg and arm pain. Assessment reveals multiple contusions and deformity to his left forearm and a laceration with mild bleeding to the left side of his face. His airway is open and his breather is labored. A rapid radial pulse is felt. Skin is cool and dry. Which assessment finding should the EMT address first?
Labored breathing.
A 49-year-old male was climbing on a truck at a construction site when he fell backward to the ground. He presents with a 2-inch linear wound to the top of his head. Bleeding has been controlled and the skull can be seen through the wound. How should you document this injury on the prehospital care report?
Laceration
A 49 year old male was climbing on a truck at a construction site when he fell backward to the ground. He presents with a two inch linear wound to the top of his head. Bleeding has been controlled and the skull can be seen through the wound. How should you document this injury on the prehospital care report?
Laceration.
Prior to your arrival on the scene of a motorcycle crash, an Emergency Medical Responder contacts you via radio and reports that there is one patient who has an avulsion to her left arm. As a knowledgeable EMT, you should anticipate which one of the following?
Loose flap of skin torn on her left arm
Prior to your arrival on the scene of a motorcycle crash, an EMR contacts you via radio and reports that there is one patient who has an avulsion to her left arm. As a knowledgeable EMT, you should anticipate which one of the following?
Loose flap of skin torn on her left arm.
Which patient would the EMT recognize as suffering from an evisceration injury?
Male patient with a loop of intestine protruding from an open surgical wound
A 54-year-old male patient has been involved in a car crash. Window glass has caused an open wound to his upper neck. Which one of the following dressings is best for this injury?
Occlusive dressing
A 54 year old male patient was involved in a car crash. Window glass has caused an open wound to his upper neck. Which one of the following dressings is best for this injury?
Occlusive dressing.
You believe that a patient who has been shot in the lower abdomen is bleeding internally and is in an early stage of shock. Which treatment shows appropriate prehospital care of this patient?
Oxygen therapy and rapid transport to the hospital
A 48-year-old male is in shock from injuries sustained in a motor vehicle collision. Which assessment finding(s) is (are) most suggestive that the patient may have internal bleeding?
Pelvic instability with a BP of 78/48 mmHg
Your patient is a 48-year-old male who is in shock from injuries sustained in a motor vehicle collision. Which assessment finding is an indication for the use of the pneumatic anti-shock garment (PASG)?
Pelvic instability with a BP of 78/48 mmHg
A 40-year-old homeless male was found lying in the street. On physical examination, you notice that the patient has a stab wound to the mid-chest. He is unresponsive, and his skin is cool to the touch. His respirations are snoring at 40 per minute, and his pulse is 120. What care would you provide first?
Perform a jaw-thrust maneuver.
While cleaning a gun, a 44 year old man accidentally shot himself in the abdomen. On arrival the patient is responsive to painful stiumuli and lying on his side with his legs drawn to his chest. Blood is evident on his shirt and pants. Which one of the following shows the correct sequence of events for caring for this patient?
Perform the primary assessment, administer high-flow oxygen, perform the secondary assessment, transfer to the stretcher, and provide rapid transport.
While cleaning a gun, a 44-year-old man accidentally shot himself in the abdomen. On arrival, the patient is responsive to painful stimuli and lying on his side with his legs drawn to his chest. Blood is evident on his shirt and pants. What is the correct sequence of events in caring for this patient?
Perform the primary assessment, administer supplemental oxygen, perform the secondary assessment, transfer to the stretcher, and provide rapid transport.
A female patient has been involved in a motorcycle crash. Your scene size-up reveals her to be unresponsive and lying in the roadway. It also appears that her left leg has been amputated at the knee. What should you do immediately?
Perform the jaw-thrust maneuver.
The EMT is by the side of a young female who was cut while washing dishes. she has a jagged laceration to her left forearm that is bleeding steadily and heavily. when attempting to control the bleeding, the EMT should first:
Place a large sterile dressing over the site with hand pressure applied over top of the dressing.
A young male was riding a motorcycle when he lost control and was ejected. the patient is unresponsive and receiving positive pressure ventilation. The rapid secondary assessment reveals bright blood flowing from both nostrils. Management of this bleeding would include which one of the following interventions?
Place a loose dressing under the nose.
small metal rod was shot from a metal lathe and is impaled in a man's inner thigh. Assessment indicates that there is no active bleeding from the site, but the surrounding tissues are ecchymotic. The paramedic asks you to stabilize the rod with bulky dressings. You recognize this action as important because it will:
Prevent motion of the rod and further internal injury.
Severe external bleeding should be controlled during what phase of the patient assessment?
Primary assessment
A man has been bitten in his arm by his dog. He states that the bite occurred several hours earlier when he accidentally stepped on the dog's paw. When asked, he tells you that the dog is up-to-date on all of her shots, including the rabies vaccine. Assessment reveals two small puncture wounds to the hand with some bruising in the surrounding tissue. The patient wants to refuse treatment and transport. Given these assessment findings, which one of the following indicates the primary reason the patient should be seen in the emergency department?
Risk for infection
When performing the primary assessment, which of the following signs or symptoms best suggests that the patient is in shock?
Skin that is cool and diaphoretic
Which of the following describes the layers of the skin?
Subcutaneous, epidermis, dermis
A 66-year-old female patient has been struck by a car. Your assessment reveals gurgling respirations, rapid breathing, and cool, diaphoretic skin. You also observe bruising to the chest and abdomen. What should you do immediately?
Suction the airway.
You are called for a 78-year-old female who fell earlier in the day. As you enter her kitchen, you observe her sitting in a chair with ecchymotic areas to her left cheek and left arm. There also appears to be blood on her pants. She is on oxygen and is breathing in a moderately labored manner. She states that she fell a few hours ago and now the pain and swelling in her arm are unbearable. Which one of the following would you do first?
Take manual in-line spinal stabilization.
In the human body, what occurs when a person is in shock?
The cells are not getting enough oxygen, and waste products are accumulating.
Another crew has called for your assistance in extricating an obese male with a nosebleed from a third floor bedroom. As you enter the room, which one of the following shows proper management of the patient's condition?
The patient is sitting upright, leaning forward, with nostrils pinched shut.
Another crew has called for your assistance in extricating an obese male with a nosebleed from a third-floor bedroom. As you enter the room, which observation indicates proper management of the patient's condition?
The patient is sitting upright, leaning forward, with nostrils pinched shut and an ice pack on the nose.
Which one of the following assessment findings best shows that the patient's injury should be classified as an abrasion?
The skin is scraped and red; blood oozing from the injury site.
Which observations direct the EMT to classify a patient's soft tissue injury as an abrasion?
The skin is scraped and red; blood oozing from the injury site
A patient has suffered a small, but jagged laceration to her left hand. When cleaning the wound, it is important that the EMT:
Use sterile gauze and wipe away from the site of injury.
In managing a patient with a soft-tissue injury, it is essential that the EMT perform which action?
Use the appropriate personal protective equipment.
A patient has cut his arm with a table saw. Assessment reveals dark blood flowing steadily from the wound. As an EMT, you should recognize this as what type of bleeding?
Venous.
A patient has had part of his right thumb amputated in an industrial accident. Co-workers have retrieved the thumb and wrapped it in a towel. The EMT demonstrates appropriate handling of the amputated part when he:
Wraps in in a dry sterile dressing.
Which one of the following patients requires the EMT to remove an impaled object in the field?
Young female with a broken pencil through her cheek and into the oropharynx; blood from the injury is flowing into her throat
Epistaxis is:
a nosebleed.
Your patient is a young man who fell down a flight of stairs and is now restless and confused. His airway is open, and he is breathing adequately at 18 times per minute. He has a radial pulse of 92 beats per minute and his skin is cool and diaphoretic. Your next action would be to:
administer supplemental oxygen.
Direct pressure has failed to control an arterial bleed on a patient's leg. The EMT's next action would be:
apply a tourniquet.
You arrive at a meat packing plant to find a 30-year-old male cut in the wrist with a sharp knife. The patient appears pale and blood is spurting from the laceration. Your immediate action would be to:
apply direct pressure to the laceration.
You are summoned to a patient who was attacked. As you approach a young male lying on the sidewalk, you observe an area of dark blood stains on his left pant leg. He appears lethargic, pale, and diaphoretic, and you can hear sonorous breathing. Your first action in caring for this patient would be to:
assess the airway.
A man jumped from the roof of his house and landed on his feet. He complains of pain to his heels, knees, and lower back. This mechanism of injury is an example of:
axial loading
When assessing a patient, you note a bruise to his chest. On the prehospital care report, this injury is properly documented as:
ecchymosis.
The EMT's initial concern when treating a patient with a gunshot wound to the chest is:
ensuring an open airway.
A patient has suffered an open crush injury to his elbow. As you approach, you note the patient sitting upright holding a towel to his elbow. Although the towel is soaked with blood, the elbow does not appear to be actively bleeding. Your first action in caring for this patient should be to:
evaluate the patient's airway.
A patient sustained a crush injury after being struck with a baseball bat in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Assessment shows bruising to that area with instability noted to the rib cage. The EMT's highest concern regarding this injury should be:
injury to the spleen.
The EMT is by the side of a young female who was cut while washing dishes. She has a jagged laceration to her left forearm that is bleeding steadily and heavily. When attempting to control the bleeding, the EMT would first
place a large sterile dressing over the site with hand pressure applied over the top of the dressing.
The EMT is by the side of a young female who was cut while washing dishes. She has a jagged laceration to her left forearm that is bleeding steadily and heavily. When attempting to control the bleeding, the EMT would first:
place a large sterile dressing over the site with hand pressure applied over the top of the dressing.
A young male was riding a motorcycle when he lost control and was ejected. The patient is unresponsive and receiving positive pressure ventilation. The secondary assessment reveals bright blood flowing from both nostrils. Management of this bleeding would include:
placing a loose dressing under the nose.
A small metal rod was dislodged from a metal lathe and is now impaled in a man's inner thigh. Assessment indicates that there is no active bleeding from the site, but the surrounding tissues are ecchymotic. The paramedic asks you to stabilize the rod with bulky dressings. You recognize this action as important because it will:
prevent motion of the rod and further internal injury.
The EMT knows that a function of the skin is to:
regulate temperature.
A patient has suffered abrasions to the legs after falling on a moving treadmill. In relation to the function of the skin, the EMT should be most concerned about:
risk for infection.
Assessment findings of a driver who was ejected from his vehicle in a rollover-type collision include unresponsiveness and bruising to the abdominal and pelvic areas, along with an open femur fracture. The patient has an open airway and is breathing at 32 times per minute. His skin is cool and diaphoretic and the radial pulses are weak. Manual in-line spinal stabilization is being maintained. The EMT's next action would be to:
start positive pressure ventilation.
You are called for a 2-year-old boy who fell and cut his arm. While en route to the call, the dispatcher informs you that the patient has hemophilia (clotting disorder). As an EMT, you should recognize that:
the bleeding may be significant.
A patient has suffered a small but jagged laceration to her left hand. When cleaning the wound, it is important that the EMT:
use sterile gauze and wipe away from the site of injury.
A 24-year-old male has cut his arm with a table saw. Assessment reveals dark red blood flowing steadily from the laceration. As an EMT, you would identify this bleeding as:
venous.
A patient has had part of his right thumb amputated in an industrial accident. Coworkers have retrieved the thumb and wrapped it in a towel. The EMT demonstrates appropriate handling of the amputated part when he:
wraps it in a dry sterile dressing.
Which statement shows that the EMT understands the use of a tourniquet in controlling bleeding?
"A tourniquet should be applied tightly enough so that arterial blood flow distal to the tourniquet is completely stopped."
You have been dispatched to a residence where a woman lacerated her arm after falling while holding a drinking glass. She informs you that when she was first cut, blood spurted from the wound, and then within a second or two, it subsided to a mere trickle. She asks why this would happen. Which one of the following is the correct response?
"Blood vessels tend to constrict quickly once they are injured."
Which instruction is appropriate when helping a new EMT care for a male patient with a laceration to his left arm?
"Don't worry about removing embedded dirt from the wound, just the dirt around the laceration."
Which statement, made by the EMT shows an understanding of dressing and bandaging a wound?
"I always leave the tips of the fingers or toes exposed when bandaging the arm or leg so future assessment of circulation can be made."
You are having a difficult time controlling bleeding from a small skin avulsion on a patient's ankle. Which one of the following statements made by the patient best explains why control has been difficult to achieve?
"I take Coumadin for my irregular heartbeat."
Which statement made by the EMT shows an understanding of bandaging an open wound?
"I use bandaging material to secure a dressing in place."
Which statement describes the BEST way to determine the severity of a patient's blood loss?
"I use the patient's signs and symptoms to judge the severity of the blood loss."
A 28-year-old male was cutting limbs from a tree when he lost his footing and fell 20 feet. He is unresponsive and breathing extremely shallow at 28 times per minute. His radial pulse is weak and thready and his skin is cool to the touch. Emergency Medical Responders (EMRs) have placed him on a nonrebreather face mask and are holding manual in-line stabilization. A blanket has also been applied and covers the man. Based on these assessment findings, what instruction would you give to the EMRs?
"Let's take off the oxygen mask and start positive pressure ventilation to assist his breathing."
While riding a bike, a young boy fell onto a stick that was protruding from the ground. The stick impaled him in the neck. The boy immediately pulled the stick out and ran home, where his mother called 911. Assessment reveals a gaping wound to the right neck. All hemorrhaging has clotted off, and manual in-line spinal stabilization is being maintained. Which instruction should you provide to the other EMTs on scene?
"Place an occlusive dressing over the wound and tape it on all four sides."
Which statement indicates an understanding of the EMT's prehospital role in caring for the patient in shock?
"Since shock is best treated in the hospital, the EMT should provide care to maintain perfusion to the vital organs and transport."
Which statement demonstrates an understanding of shock caused by internal bleeding?
"You should always suspect internal bleeding in a patient with the signs and symptoms of shock but no external bleeding."
