Chapter 29: Management of Patients with Nonmalignant Hematologic Disorders

A client with severe anemia reports symptoms of tachycardia, palpitations, exertional dyspnea, cool extremities, and dizziness with ambulation. Laboratory test results reveal low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Based on the assessment data, which nursing diagnoses is most appropriate for this client? Fatigue related to decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit Ineffective tissue perfusion related to inadequate hemoglobin and hematocrit Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, related to inadequate intake of essential nutrients Risk for falls related to complaints of dizziness

Ineffective tissue perfusion related to inadequate hemoglobin and hematocrit The symptoms indicate impaired tissue perfusion due to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Cardiac status should be carefully assessed. When the hemoglobin level is low, the heart attempts to compensate by pumping faster and harder in an effort to deliver more blood to hypoxic tissue. This increased cardiac workload can result in such symptoms as tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, dizziness, orthopnea, and exertional dyspnea. Heart failure may eventually develop, as evidenced by an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly) and by peripheral edema.

A client is prescribed 325 mg/day of oral ferrous sulfate. What does the nurse include in client teaching? Take 1 hour before breakfast Decrease intake of fruits and juices Decrease intake of dietary fiber Take with dairy products

Take 1 hour before breakfast Instructions the nurse will provide for the client taking oral ferrous sulfate is to administer the medication on an empty stomach. Instructions also include that there is decreased absorption of iron with food, particularly dairy products. The client is to increase vitamin C intake (fruits, juices, tomatoes, broccoli), which will enhance iron absorption. The client is to also increase foods high in fiber to decrease risk of constipation.

A client is receiving chemotherapy for cancer. The nurse reviews the client's laboratory report and notes that he has thrombocytopenia. To which nursing diagnosis should the nurse give the highest priority? Impaired tissue integrity Activity intolerance Impaired oral mucous membranes Ineffective tissue perfusion: Cerebral, cardiopulmonary, GI

Ineffective tissue perfusion: Cerebral, cardiopulmonary, GI These are all appropriate nursing diagnoses for the client with thrombocytopenia. However, the risk of cerebral and GI hemorrhage and hypotension pose the greatest risk to the physiological integrity of the client.

A nurse is caring for a client with iron deficiency anemia. Which food or beverage will the nurse suggest to the client to eat or drink when taking supplemental iron? Milk Kidney beans Orange juice Leafy green vegetables

Orange juice Vitamin C found in orange juice improves the absorption of iron. The other answer choices are not the best for improving absorption of iron.

Which medication is the antidote to warfarin? Protamine sulfate Clopidogrel Aspirin Vitamin K

Vitamin K The antidote for warfarin is vitamin K. Protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin. Aspirin and clopidogrel are both antiplatelet medications.

Which is a symptom of hemochromatosis? Weight gain Inflammation of the mouth Bronzing of the skin Inflammation of the tongue

Bronzing of the skin Clients with hemochromatosis exhibit symptoms of weakness, lethargy, arthralgia, weight loss, and loss of libido early in the illness trajectory. The skin may appear hyperpigmented from melanin deposits or appear bronze in color.

A patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) has developed anemia. What laboratory finding does the nurse understand to be significant in this stage of anemia? Creatinine level of 6 mg/100 mL Potassium level of 5.2 mEq/L Magnesium level of 2.5 mg/dL Calcium level of 9.4 mg/dL

Creatinine level of 6 mg/100 mL The degree of anemia in patients with end-stage renal disease varies greatly; however, in general, patients do not become significantly anemic until the serum creatinine level exceeds 3 mg/100 mL.

Which iron-rich foods should a nurse encourage an anemic client requiring iron therapy to eat? Lamb and peaches Shrimp and tomatoes Cheese and bananas Lobster and squash

Lamb and peaches Iron-rich foods include lamb and peaches. Shrimp, tomatoes, lobster, squash, cheese, and bananas aren't high in iron content.

During the review of morning laboratory values for a client reporting severe fatigue and a red, swollen tongue, the nurse suspects chronic, severe iron deficiency anemia based on which finding? Low ferritin level concentration Elevated hematocrit concentration Enlarged mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Elevated red blood cell (RBC) count

Low ferritin level concentration The most consistent indicator of iron deficiency anemia is a low ferritin level, which reflects low iron stores. As the anemia progresses, the MCV, which measures the size of the erythrocytes, also decreases. Hematocrit and RBC levels are also low in relation to the hemoglobin concentration.

Which of the following is considered an antidote to heparin? Vitamin K Ipecac Narcan Protamine sulfate

Protamine sulfate Protamine sulfate, in the appropriate dosage, acts quickly to reverse the effects of heparin. Vitamin K is the antidote to warfarin (Coumadin). Narcan is the drug used to reverse signs and symptoms of medication-induced narcosis. Ipecac is an emetic used to treat some poisonings.

A client has pernicious anemia and has been receiving treatment for several years. Which symptom may be confused with another condition in older adults? stomatitis ataxia dementia glossitis

dementia Pernicious anemia may be accompanied by a dementia with symptoms similar to Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, clients experiencing cognitive changes should be screened because early detection of pernicious anemia is critical to prevent neurologic damage.

A client is hospitalized 3 days prior to a total hip arthroplasty and reports a high level of pain with ambulation. The client has been taking warfarin at home, which is now discontinued. To prevent the formation of blood clots, which action should the nurse take? Monitor partial thromboplastin (PTT) time. Administer the prescribed enoxaparin (Lovenox). Encourage a diet high in vitamin K. Have the client limit physical activity.

Administer the prescribed enoxaparin (Lovenox). Clients who are prescribed warfarin at home and need to have a major invasive procedure stop taking warfarin prior to the procedure. Low molecular weight heparin, such as enoxaparin, may be used until the procedure is performed. The client will continue with a diet that has a daily consistent amount of vitamin K. The client needs to ambulate frequently throughout the day. Prothrombin (PT) time is monitored, not PTT, when warfarin had been administered.

The client has been diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome with an absolute neutrophil count less than 1000/mm³ and is being admitted to the hospital. The nurse Allows unlicensed assistive personnel who reports having a sore throat to provide care Changes the water in the humidifier for oxygen therapy every 48 hours Places the client in isolation and allows no visitors Assigns the client to a private room

Assigns the client to a private room The client with an absolute neutrophil count less than 1000/mm³ is to be placed in a private room. Staff with a sore throat or cold should not be assigned to provide care for this client. The client does not need to be placed in isolation, but other neutropenic precautions need to be followed, such as allowing no visitors with infection. Water in oxygen humidifiers should be changed every 24 hours.

A nurse cares for a client with anemia requiring nutritional supplementation. Which nursing intervention best promotes client adherence with the prescribed therapy? Assist the client to incorporate the therapeutic regimen into daily activities. Develop a therapeutic regimen recommendation for the client. Develop a therapeutic regimen based on the client's understanding of the medication. Assist the client to use a medication reminder system for the therapeutic regimen.

Assist the client to incorporate the therapeutic regimen into daily activities. The best way for the nurse to promote adherence to the therapeutic regimen is to assist the client to incorporate the therapeutic regimen into daily activities. This action is the only answer choice that is a collaborative effort with the client and is the reason it is correct.

A patient describes numbness in the arms and hands with a tingling sensation. The patient also frequently stumbles when walking. What vitamin deficiency does the nurse determine may cause some of these symptoms? Thiamine B12 Iron Folate

B12 The hematologic effects of vitamin B12 deficiency are accompanied by effects on other organ systems, particularly the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system. Patients with pernicious anemia may become confused; more often, they have paresthesias in the extremities (particularly numbness and tingling in the feet and lower legs). They may have difficulty maintaining their balance because of damage to the spinal cord, and they also lose position sense (proprioception).

The nurse is caring for a client with type 2 diabetes who take metformin to manage glucose levels. The nurse recognizes the client may be most at risk for which vitamin deficiency? B12 Folate A C

B12 The medication metformin (Glucophage) increases the client's risk for developing B12 deficiency because the medication inhibits the absorption of B12.

When teaching a client with iron deficiency anemia about appropriate food choices, the nurse encourages the client to increase the dietary intake of which foods? Beans, dried fruits, and leafy, green vegetables Berries and orange vegetables Fruits high in vitamin C, such as oranges and grapefruits Dairy products

Beans, dried fruits, and leafy, green vegetables Food sources high in iron include organ meats (e.g., beef or calf liver, chicken liver), other meats, beans (e.g., black, pinto, and garbanzo), leafy and green vegetables, raisins, and molasses. Taking iron-rich foods with a source of vitamin C (e.g., orange juice) enhances the absorption of iron.

A client is found to have a low hemoglobin and hematocrit when laboratory work was performed. What does the nurse understand the anemia may have resulted from? Select all that apply. Blood loss Abnormal erythrocyte production Destruction of normally formed red blood cells Inadequate formed white blood cells Infection

Blood loss Abnormal erythrocyte production Destruction of normally formed red blood cells Most anemias result from (1) blood loss, (2) inadequate or abnormal erythrocyte production, or (3) destruction of normally formed red blood cells. The most common types include hypovolemic anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, folic acid deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and hemolytic anemias. Although each form of anemia has unique manifestations, all share a common core of symptoms. Anemia does not result from infection or inadequate formed white blood cells.

Which is a symptom of Cooley anemia? Dyspnea Inflammation of the mouth Bronzing of the skin Inflammation of the tongue

Bronzing of the skin Clients with Cooley anemia exhibit symptoms of severe anemia and a bronzing of the skin, which is caused by hemolysis of erythrocytes. Dyspnea, stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), and glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) are symptoms of pernicious anemia.

A client with a diagnosis of pernicious anemia comes to the clinic and reports numbness and tingling in the arms and legs. What do these symptoms indicate? Severity of the disease Insufficient intake of dietary nutrients Neurologic involvement Loss of vibratory and position senses

Neurologic involvement In clients with pernicious anemia, numbness and tingling in the arms and legs, and ataxia are the most common signs of neurologic involvement. Some affected clients lose vibratory and position senses. Jaundice, irritability, confusion, and depression are present when the disease is severe. Insufficient intake of dietary nutrients is not indicated by these symptoms.

A client has a history of sickle cell anemia with several sickle cell crises over the past 10 years. What blood component results in sickle cell anemia? hemoglobin M hemoglobin A hemoglobin F hemoglobin S

hemoglobin S Hemoglobin A (HbA) normally replaces fetal hemoglobin (HbF) about 6 months after birth. In people with sickle cell anemia, however, an abnormal form of hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS), replaces HbF. HbS causes RBCs to assume a sickled shape under hypoxic conditions.

A client with sickle cell anemia has a normal hematocrit. high hematocrit. low hematocrit. normal blood smear.

low hematocrit. A client with sickle cell anemia has a low hematocrit and sickled cells on the smear. A client with sickle cell trait usually has a normal hemoglobin level, a normal hematocrit, and a normal blood smear.

A client admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain, anemia, and bloody stools reports feeling weak and dizzy. The client has rectal pressure and needs to urinate and move their bowels. The nurse should help them: to the bathroom. to the bedside commode. onto the bedpan. to a standing position so he can urinate.

onto the bedpan. A client who's dizzy and anemic is at risk for injury because of his weakened state. Assisting him with the bedpan would best meet his needs at this time without risking his safety. The client may fall if walking to the bathroom, left alone to urinate, or trying to stand up.

A client diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus comes to the emergency department with severe back pain. The client is taking prednisone daily and reported feeling pain after manually opening the garage door. What adverse effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy is most likely responsible for the pain? Hypertension Muscle wasting Osteoporosis Truncal obesity

Osteoporosis Hypertension, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, and truncal obesity are all adverse effects of long-term corticosteroid therapy; however, osteoporosis commonly causes compression fractures of the spine. Hypertension, muscle wasting, and truncal obesity aren't likely to cause severe back pain.

A clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is orienting a new graduate registered nurse to an oncology unit where blood product transfusions are frequently administered. In discussing ABO compatibility, the CNS presents several hypothetical scenarios. The new graduate knows that the greatest likelihood of an acute hemolytic reaction would occur when giving: O-positive blood to an A-positive client. O-negative blood to an O-positive client. A-positive blood to an A-negative client. B-positive blood to an AB-positive client.

A-positive blood to an A-negative client. An acute hemolytic reaction occurs when there is an ABO or Rh incompatibility. For example, giving A blood to a B client would cause a hemolytic reaction. Likewise, giving Rh-positive blood to an Rh-negative client would cause a hemolytic reaction. It's safe to give Rh-negative blood to an Rh-positive client if there is a blood type compatibility. O-negative blood is the universal donor and can be given to all other blood types. AB clients can receive either A or B blood as long as there isn't an Rh incompatibility.

The nurse is educating a client about iron supplements. The nurse teaches that what vitamin enhances the absorption of iron? D C A E

C Vitamin C facilitates the absorption of iron. Therefore, iron supplements should be taken with a glass of orange juice or a vitamin C tablet to maximize absorption.

The nurse is instructing a client about taking a liquid iron preparation for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. What should the nurse include in the instructions? Discontinue the use of iron if your stool turns black. Do not take medication with orange juice because it will delay absorption of the iron. Iron may cause indigestion and should be taken with an antacid such as Mylanta. Dilute the liquid preparation with another liquid such as juice and drink with a straw.

Dilute the liquid preparation with another liquid such as juice and drink with a straw. Dilute liquid preparations of iron with another liquid such as juice and drink with a straw to avoid staining the teeth. Avoid taking iron simultaneously with an antacid, which interferes with iron absorption. Drink orange juice or take other forms of vitamin C with iron to promote its absorption. Expect iron to color stool dark green or black.

The nurse and the client are discussing some strategies for ingesting iron to combat the client's iron-deficiency anemia. Which is among the nurse's strategies? Avoid vitamin C as it prevents absorption. Take iron with an antacid to avoid stomach upset. Taking iron pills with milk aids in absorption. Drink liquid iron preparations with a straw.

Drink liquid iron preparations with a straw. Dilute liquid preparations of iron with another liquid such as juice and drink with a straw to avoid staining the teeth. Avoid taking iron simultaneously with an antacid, which interferes with iron absorption. Drink orange juice or take other forms of vitamin C with iron to promote its absorption.

A nurse is caring for a client admitted with pernicious anemia. Which set of findings should the nurse expect when assessing the client? Pallor, tachycardia, and a sore tongue Pallor, bradycardia, and reduced pulse pressure Angina pectoris, double vision, and anorexia Sore tongue, dyspnea, and weight gain

Pallor, tachycardia, and a sore tongue Pallor, tachycardia, and a sore tongue are all characteristic findings in pernicious anemia. Other clinical manifestations include anorexia; weight loss; a smooth, beefy red tongue; a wide pulse pressure; palpitations; angina pectoris; weakness; fatigue; and paresthesia of the hands and feet. Bradycardia, reduced pulse pressure, weight gain, and double vision aren't characteristic findings in pernicious anemia.

Which term refers to an abnormal decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets? Pancytopenia Leukopenia Anemia Thrombocytopenia

Pancytopenia Pancytopenia is defined as an abnormal decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets. The condition may be congenital or acquired. Anemia refers to decreased red cell mass. Leukopenia refers to a less-than-normal amount of WBCs in circulation. Thrombocytopenia refers to a lower-than-normal platelet count.

A client with sickle cell disease is treated for a thrombotic event. Which organs or body systems does the nurse recognize as being at greatest risk for thrombosis in a client with sickle cell disease? Select all that apply. Central nervous system Liver Spleen Cardiac system Lungs

Spleen Lungs Central nervous system Any organ can be the site of a thrombotic event in sickle cell disease; however, the lungs, central nervous system, and the spleen are at greatest risk due to these areas having slower circulation. The liver is often involved in sequestration in adults, and hemolysis may occur. Anemia affects the heart.

A nurse is caring for a client with thrombocytopenia. What is the best way to protect this client? Limit visits by family members. Encourage the client to use a wheelchair. Maintain accurate fluid intake and output records. Use the smallest needle possible for injections.

Use the smallest needle possible for injections. Because thrombocytopenia alters coagulation, it poses a high risk of bleeding. To help prevent capillary bleeding, the nurse should use the smallest needle possible when administering injections. The nurse doesn't need to limit visits by family members because they don't pose any danger to the client. The nurse should provide comfort measures and maintain the client on bed rest; activities such as using a wheelchair can cause bleeding. The nurse records fluid intake and output to monitor hydration; however, this action doesn't protect the client from a complication of thrombocytopenia.

When assessing a client with anemia, which assessment is essential? Family history Age and gender Health history, including menstrual history in women Lifestyle assessments, such as exercise routines

Health history, including menstrual history in women When assessing a client with anemia, it is essential to assess the client's health history. Women should be questioned about their menstrual periods (e.g., excessive menstrual flow, other vaginal bleeding) and the use of iron supplements during pregnancy.

While monitoring a client for the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the nurse should take note of which assessment parameters? Platelet count, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time Fibrinogen level, WBC, and platelet count Thrombin time, calcium levels, and potassium levels Platelet count, blood glucose levels, and white blood cell (WBC) count

Platelet count, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time The diagnosis of DIC is based on the results of laboratory studies of prothrombin time, platelet count, thrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen level as well as client history and other assessment factors. Blood glucose levels, WBC count, calcium levels, and potassium levels aren't used to confirm a diagnosis of DIC.

A pregnant woman is hospitalized as the result of sickle-cell crisis. Which finding indicates the outcome has been achieved for this client? Takes hydroxyurea during her pregnancy Describes the importance of staying cool Reports joint pain less than 3 on a scale of 0 to 10 Exhibits a temperature more than 100.3°F

Reports joint pain less than 3 on a scale of 0 to 10 An expected outcome for a client experiencing a sickle-cell crisis is control and reduction of pain. Hydroxyurea is contraindicated in pregnancy because of the risk it poses for congenital abnormalities. An indication that the client is free from infection is exhibiting a normal temperature; 100.3°F is an elevated temperature. To minimize crises, the client needs to stay warm not cool.

A client at the clinic has just been diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. What would you recommend the client consume to promote the absorption of iron? Vitamin E Rich sources of vitamin C Sources of vitamin B12 Meat, egg yolks, oysters, and shellfish

Rich sources of vitamin C Sources of vitamin C such as citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, green peppers, and tomatoes enhance the absorption of nonheme iron. To maximize nonheme iron absorption, the client should consume a rich source of vitamin C at every meal. Meat, egg yolks, oysters, and shellfish are the sources of heme iron whose absorption is influenced by body need. Vitamin E and sources of vitamin B12 do not promote the absorption of iron.

After receiving chemotherapy for lung cancer, a client's platelet count falls to 98,000/mm3. What term should the nurse use to describe this low platelet count? Neutropenia Anemia Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia

Thrombocytopenia A normal platelet count is 140,000 to 400,000/mm3 in adults. Chemotherapeutic agents produce bone marrow depression, resulting in reduced red blood cell counts (anemia), reduced white blood cell counts (leukopenia), and reduced platelet counts (thrombocytopenia). Neutropenia is the presence of an abnormally reduced number of neutrophils in the blood and is caused by bone marrow depression induced by chemotherapeutic agents.

A nurse is caring for a client with thalassemia who is being transfused. What is the nurse's role during a transfusion? To administer vitamin B12 injections To assess for enlargement and tenderness over the liver and spleen To closely monitor the rate of administration To instruct the client to rest immediately if chest pain develops

To closely monitor the rate of administration In a client with thalassemia, when transfusions are necessary, the nurse closely monitors the rate of administration. Assessing for enlargement and tenderness over the liver and spleen, advising rest, or administering vitamin B12 injections are not indicated for thalassemia.

When evaluating a patient's symptoms that are consistent with a diagnosis of leukemia, the nurse is aware that all leukemias have which common feature? Increased blood viscosity, resulting from an overproduction of white cells Reduced plasma volume in response to a reduced production of cellular elements Unregulated accumulation of white cells in the bone marrow, which replace normal marrow elements Compensatory polycythemia stimulated by thrombocytopenia

Unregulated accumulation of white cells in the bone marrow, which replace normal marrow elements The term leukemia means "white blood," which is used to describe the neoplastic proliferation of one hematopoietic cell type (granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and sometimes, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes).

A female client with the beta-thalassemia trait plans to marry a man of Italian ancestry who also has the trait. Which client statement indicates that she understands the teaching provided by the nurse? "Thalassemia is treated with iron supplements." "If my fiancé was of Middle Eastern descent, I wouldn't be worried about having children." "I need to learn how to give myself vitamin B12 injections." "I'll see a genetic counselor before starting a family."

"I'll see a genetic counselor before starting a family." Two people with the beta-thalassemia trait have a 25% chance of having a child with thalassemia major, a potentially life-threatening disease. Iron supplements aren't used to treat thalassemia; in fact, they could contribute to iron overload. Vitamin B<!sub>12!sub> injections are used to treat pernicious anemia, not thalassemia. Thalassemia occurs primarily in people of Italian, Greek, African, Asian, Middle Eastern, East Indian, and Caribbean descent.

A patient is taking prednisone 60 mg per day for the treatment of an acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease. The patient has developed lymphopenia with a lymphocyte count of less than 1,500 mm3. What should the nurse monitor the client for? The onset of a bacterial infection Diarrhea Bleeding Abdominal pain

The onset of a bacterial infection Lymphopenia (a lymphocyte count less than 1,500/mm3) can result from ionizing radiation, long-term use of corticosteroids, uremia, infections (particularly viral infections), some neoplasms (e.g., breast and lung cancers, advanced Hodgkin disease), and some protein-losing enteropathies (in which the lymphocytes within the intestines are lost) (Kipps, 2010). When lymphopenia is mild, it is often without sequelae; when severe, it can result in bacterial infections (due to low B lymphocytes) or in opportunistic infections (due to low T lymphocytes).

A nurse on a hematology/oncology floor is caring for a client with aplastic anemia. Which would not be included in the client's discharge instructions? Avoid contact with family/friends who are sick. Encourage frequent handwashing. Plan for frequent periods of rest. Use a disposable razor when shaving.

Use a disposable razor when shaving. People with aplastic anemia usually have insufficient erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Encourage behaviors that will lower the risk for bleeding. Avoiding contact with people who are sick reduces the risk of acquiring an infection. Handwashing reduces the risk of acquiring an infection. Anemia can cause fatigue and shortness of breath with even mild exertion.

A client's family member asks the nurse why disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurs. Which statement by the nurse correctly explains the cause of DIC? "DIC is a complication of an autoimmune disease that attacks the body's own cells." "DIC is caused by abnormal activation of the clotting pathway, causing excessive amounts of tiny clots to form inside organs." "DIC occurs when the immune system attacks platelets and causes massive bleeding." "DIC is caused when hemolytic processes destroy erythrocytes."

"DIC is caused by abnormal activation of the clotting pathway, causing excessive amounts of tiny clots to form inside organs." The inflammatory response initiates the process of inflammation and coagulation. The natural anticoagulant pathways within the body are simultaneously impaired, and the fibrinolytic system is suppressed, allowing a massive amount of tiny clots forms in the microcirculation. As the platelets and clotting factors form microthrombi, coagulation fails. Thus, the paradoxical result of excessive clotting is bleeding. Decline in organ function is usually a result of excessive clot formation (with resultant ischemia to all or part of the organ).

A client with megaloblastic anemia reports mouth and tongue soreness. What instruction will the nurse give the client regarding eating while managing the client's symptoms? "Eat cold, bland foods with a large amount of water." "Eat low-fiber blended foods only." "Eat larger amounts of bland, soft foods less frequently." "Eat small amounts of bland, soft foods frequently."

"Eat small amounts of bland, soft foods frequently." Because the client with megaloblastic anemia often reports mouth and tongue soreness, the nurse should instruct the client to eat small amounts of bland, soft foods frequently. The other answer choices do not factor in the client's mouth soreness or need for nutrition.

The nurse is collecting data for a client who has been diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. What subjective findings does the nurse recognize as symptoms related to this type of anemia? "I have a difficult time falling asleep at night." "I feel hot all of the time." "I have difficulty breathing when walking 30 feet." "I have an increase in my appetite."

"I have difficulty breathing when walking 30 feet." Most clients with iron-deficiency anemia have reduced energy, feel cold all the time, and experience fatigue and dyspnea with minor physical exertion. The heart rate usually is rapid even at rest. The CBC and hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron levels are decreased. The client would feel cold and not hot. The client is fatigued and able to sleep often with a decrease in appetite, not an increase.

Which of the following is the most common hematologic condition affecting elderly patients Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia Anemia Bandemia

Anemia Anemia is the most common hematologic condition affecting elderly patients: with each successive decade of life, the incidence of anemia increases. Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count. Leukopenia is a low leukocyte count. Bandemia is an increased number of band cells.

Which nursing intervention should be incorporated into the plan of care to manage the delayed clotting process in a client with leukemia? Eliminate direct contact with others who are infectious Implement neutropenic precautions Apply prolonged pressure to needle sites or other sources of external bleeding Monitor temperature at least once per shift

Apply prolonged pressure to needle sites or other sources of external bleeding For a client with leukemia, the nurse should apply prolonged pressure to needle sites or other sources of external bleeding. Reduced platelet production results in a delayed clotting process and increases the potential for hemorrhage. Implementing neutropenic precautions and eliminating direct contact with others are interventions to address the risk for infection.

The nurse is educating a patient with iron deficiency anemia about food sources high in iron and how to enhance the absorption of iron when eating these foods. What can the nurse inform the client would enhance the absorption? Eating calf's liver with a glass of orange juice Eating apple slices with carrots Eating leafy green vegetables with a glass of water Eating a steak with mushrooms

Eating calf's liver with a glass of orange juice Food sources high in iron include organ meats (e.g., beef or calf's liver, chicken liver), other meats, beans (e.g., black, pinto, and garbanzo), leafy green vegetables, raisins, and molasses. Taking iron-rich foods with a source of vitamin C (e.g., orange juice) enhances the absorption of iron.

A patient with End Stage Kidney Disease is taking recombinant erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia. What laboratory study does the nurse understand will have to be assessed at least monthly related to this medication? Hemoglobin level Folate levels Potassium level Creatinine level

Hemoglobin level When using recombinant erythropoietin, the hemoglobin must be checked at least monthly (more frequently until a maintenance dose is established) and the dose titrated to ensure the hemoglobin level does not exceed 12 g/dL.

The nurse observes a co-worker who always seems to be eating a cup of ice. The nurse encourages the co-worker to have an examination and diagnostic workup with the health care provider. What type of anemia is the nurse concerned the co-worker may have? Sickle cell anemia Iron deficiency anemia Megaloblastic anemia Aplastic anemia

Iron deficiency anemia People with iron deficiency anemia may crave ice, starch, or dirt; this craving is known as pica.

The nurse, caring for a client in the emergency room with a severe nosebleed, becomes concerned when the client asks for a bedpan. The nurse documents the stool as loose, tarry, and black looking. The nurse suspects the client may have thrombocytopenia. What should be the nurse's priority action? Stop the nosebleed Notify the physician Put in an IV line Ask someone to clean the bedpan

Notify the physician Thrombocytopenia is evidenced by purpura, small hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes, or subcutaneous tissues. Bleeding from other parts of the body, such as the nose, oral mucous membrane, and the gastrointestinal tract, also occurs. Internal hemorrhage, which can be severe and even fatal, is possible. This nurse should notify the physician of the suspected disorder.

A nurse cares for clients with hematological disorders and notes that women are diagnosed with hemochromatosis at a much lower rate than men. What is the primary reason for this? Women rarely manifest the gene expression Women require grater folic acid supplementation Women lose iron through menstrual cycles Women have lower hemoglobin levels

Women lose iron through menstrual cycles Hemochromatosis is a genetic condition where excess iron is absorbed in the GI tract and deposited in various organs, making them dysfunctional. Women are often less affected than men because women lose excess iron through their menstrual cycles. The other answer choices are not correct reasons why women are impacted less than men with hemochromatosis.

A client with pernicious anemia is receiving parenteral vitamin B12 therapy. Which client statement indicates effective teaching about this therapy? "I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy until my signs and symptoms disappear." "I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy until my vitamin B12 level returns to normal." "I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy monthly for 6 months to a year." "I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy for the rest of my life."

"I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy for the rest of my life." Because a client with pernicious anemia lacks intrinsic factor, oral vitamin B12 can't be absorbed. Therefore, parenteral vitamin B12 therapy is recommended and required for life.

Which type of hemolytic anemia is categorized as inherited disorder? Hypersplenism Cold agglutinin disease Sickle cell anemia Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Sickle cell anemia Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is an inherited abnormality resulting in hemolytic anemia. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is an acquired anemia. Cold agglutinin disease is an acquired anemia. Hypersplenism results in an acquired hemolytic anemia.

A home care nurse visits a client diagnosed with atrial fibrillation who is ordered warfarin. The nurse teaches the client about warfarin therapy. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further teaching? "I'll report unexplained or severe bruising to my doctor right away." "I'll watch my gums for bleeding when I brush my teeth." "I'll eat four servings of fresh, dark green vegetables every day." "I'll use an electric razor to shave."

"I'll eat four servings of fresh, dark green vegetables every day." The client requires additional teaching if he states that he'll eat four servings of dark green vegetables every day. Dark, green vegetables contain vitamin K, which reverses the effects of warfarin. The client should limit his intake to one to two servings per day. The client should report bleeding gums and severe or unexplained bruising, which may indicate an excessive dose of warfarin. The client should use an electric razor to prevent cutting himself while shaving.

The nurse is performing an assessment for a client with anemia admitted to the hospital to have blood transfusions administered. Why would the nurse need to include a nutritional assessment for this patient? It will determine what type of anemia the patient has. It may indicate deficiencies in essential nutrients. It is part of the required assessment information. It is important for the nurse to determine what type of foods the patient will eat.

It may indicate deficiencies in essential nutrients. A nutritional assessment is important, because it may indicate deficiencies in essential nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12, and folate.