Chapter 3

mycorrhizae= beneficial association between fungus and plant roots

- most plants in wild have a mutualistic fungi, aka mycorrhizal, associated with root system

fungi have unique ways of reproducing

-fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually -baker's yeast = single celled fungi that divide (budding), to produce new daughter cells that are identical to parents -parts can break off and still reproduce asexually

zooplankton

-zooplankton = type of protist; heterotrophic prokaryotes and protists form zooplankton

key evolutionary innovations of eukaryotes

1. nucleus an membrane enclosed compartments 2. larger cell size compared to prokaryotes 3. sexual reproduction 4. multicelluarity

KEY EVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION OF ANGIOSPERMS AND THEIR KEY TO SUCCESS IS THE FLOWER

a structure that evolved through modification of the conelike reproductive organs of gymnosperms most flowers have men (stamen and female structures (carpel) stamens = consists of sacs that produce pollen pollination = receive pollen by the carpel; pollen go to stigma then make a pollen tube; then sperm cells travel to ovary if angiosperms need wind = make lots of seeds if angiosperms need animals to pollinate = then make nectar and usually have bright colors or strong scented ; devote time to make special products like bright petals, odors, nectar to lure pollinators

asexual reproduction

asexual reproduction = generates genetically identical offspring; can make clones by one cell and divide into minicells

fungi play a key role as decomposers

break down waste and return nutrients back to the environment without them, animal carcasses would decay more slowly fungal spike = sudden and massive increase in the abundance of fossil spores belonging to decomposing fungi

xylem and phloem

bundled together through plant body; like our blood vessel appear to be "leaf veins"

the vascular system enables plants to move fluids efficiently

capillarity = plants absorb water through wicking action also have rhizoids to soak up water below

mutalism

close association between two species that benefit both symbiotic partners

name 3 evolutionary innovations of eukarya

complex subcellular compartments sexual reproduction multicelluarity in some forms

fungi

consists of absorptive heterotrophs: fungi digest organic material OUTSIDE the body and absorb the molecules released as breakdown products -have a protective cell wall that wraps around the plasma membrane and encases the cells; make chitin that strengthens and protects the body -similar to animals in that they store surplus food energy as glycogen 3 MAIN GROUPS 1. zygomycetes = first fungal group on land 2. ascomycetes = sac fungi 3. basidiomycetes = club fungi -play as decomposer, garbage processor and recycler, parasites (live in or on other organisms and harm them), mutualist (organisms benefit from and provide benefits to

name some key evolutionary innovations of plants

cuticle, stomata, vascular system

fungi

do not have distinct male and female individuals; a sexually reproducing mycelium belongs to two mating types; + or -; they are not visually different but difference in dna are different so genetic diversity each mating type can only mate with a different mating type opposite mating types = form a fruiting body and this release spores; spores can ride the wind current or attract animals

bryophytes

earliest land animals

mycelia

enormous surface area for taking up food and nutrition from their environment;

plants are the basis of land ecosystems and provide many valuable products

flowering plants = provide materials for humans sometimes shelter directly eat or indirectly eat plants breathe in oxygen

angiosperms

flowering plants =depend on them for food, clothing, building material, paper medicines, and many other products EXTRA CREDIT ON TEST

what are some distinctive characteristics of fungi?

fungi are eukaryotes that are absorptive heterotrophs and manufacture chitin and glycogen

gametes

gametes = sexual reproduction requires the fusion of nuclei from two different sex cells; gametes in females = eggs and gametes in males = sperm

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

genetically diverse population is more likely to evolve adaptively than genetically uniform population

what is the adaptive value of subcellular compartmentalization?

greater efficiency through specialization and division of labor and internal digestion of food

which plant group produces pollen and what is the adaptive value of pollen

gymnosperms and angiosperms pollen is carried by wind or animals and so these plants do not need to depend on water for fertilization

gymnosperms = conifers most abundant gymnosperms today; first to evolve seeds and pollen

gymnospersm = first to evolve pollen (contain sperm cells) pollen - dry and powdery which can be picked up by wind evolution of pollen freed gymnosperms from dependence on water for fertilizer

larger cell size in eukaryotes mean..

higher metabolic capacity for a cell so the cell can acquire and store more food and because being bigger means eat smaller things more & for preys it means protects for being eaten

biggest challenge for plants

how to obtain and conserve water

vascular system

includes tubelike structures specialized for transporting fluids

stoma bordered by guard cells

inflate or deflate like water balloons; when guard cells are inflated with water; the opening is revealed when guard cells lose water they close off the opening

some protists are pathogens

like plasmodium causes malaria for example

seeds would drift away from mother plant so not dependent on mother plant for sunlight or water or minerals

like teenagers go to college want to get away

symbiosis

long -term intimate association of two different types of organisms

fruit

mature ovary with seeds inside it

mixotrophs

mixotrophs = use energy and carbon from a variety of sources to fuel own growth and reproduction; can be photoautotrophs or heterotrophs based on environment

multicellular organisms

multicelllular organism = well intergrated assemblage of genetically identical cells in which different groups of cells perform specialized functions; cell specialization so more efficient -> so enable the organisms to grow large -> so advantage for less predators -> easier to get resources and grow and reproduce successfully

lichen

mutualistic association between a photosynthetic microbe and a fungus -body of lichen created by packed mycelial strands fungus receives sugar and other synthetic compounds from its partner; in return the fungus produces lichen acids, which protect the fungus and alga from being eaten by predators -lichens grow very slowly and can multiply by fragmentation or disseminating dry powdery packages (soredia) -the fungal partner can also reproduce sexually producing fruiting bodies that launch spores into air or water -the lichen body is thin and has no protective sheath and doesn't have way to rid of toxins -lichens are destroyed by acid rain, pollutants -live in barren environments -

mycorrhizae

mutualistic association between fungal mycelia and the root system of the plant; mycorrhizal fungi form thick spongy mats of mycelium on and in the roots of the plant hosts and extend into the surroundings

stomata

open and close and regulate the flow of gases into and out of the leaf

fungi can be dangerous parasites

parasitic fungi grow their hyphae through tissues of living organisms causing disease in animals and plants like pneumonia

fungi can benefit the society

penicillin yeasts = alcohol

vascular tissue that transports food molecules

phloem

seed

plant embryo and supply of stored food in protective coating called seed coat

two main categories of protistsa

protista = 1. protozoans = nonphotosynthetic and motile (can move) 2. algae = photosynthetic and may or may not be motile -are producers -autotrophic protists that use photosynthesis (use sunlight and carbon dioxide and water to make sugar molecules and release oxygen) -phytoplankton = carry out most photosynthesis in open water

protista

protista = artificial grouping; defined by what they are NOT; not animals, not plants, nor fungi, nor bacteria or archaebacteria -diverse in size, shape, cellular organization, mode of nutrition, and life cycle -single-celled and microscopic -some have falgella or cilia or pseudopodia, -many produce oily chemicals that makes them float; -can be autotrophs, heterotrophos, or mixotrophs

why is protista an artificial grouping of organisms?

protistsa includes groups that are descended from many different lineages ; so made up of non animals, fungi, plants

spore

reproductive structure that can survive for long periods of time in a dormant state and will sprout under favorable conditions to produce the body of an organisms usually encased in a thick wall that is resistant to decay and keep cytoplasm from dryng out can travel great distances

cellulose

strong and flexible cell walls made of cellulose; gives structure

flowering plants = angiosperms = produce flowers and fruit

the most dominant and diverse group of plants on our planet; these include orchids, grasses, corn plants, apple maple trees live in wide range of habitats

what are mycorrhizal fungi and what is their significance?

they are fungi that live in and on plant roots; they help plants absorb water and minernal nutrients most wild plants have mycorrihizal associations which cna boost plant growth in many species

cuticle

waxy covering; holds in moisture and keep plant tissues from drying out; air enters in through air pores

vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved nutrients

xylem

fungi are adapted for absorptive heterotrophy

yeast = single celled fungi key evolutionary innovation of multicellular fungi = their body form which is suited for absorptive heterotrophy mycelium = main body and consists of an extensive mat of highly branched strands hypha = one of strands in mycelium; threadlike filament with multiple cells arranged in a row; can release proteins to break down organic material and hyphae than abosrv nutrients for fungal to use