Chapter 3 (Specifically Tissues)

____________ is less hard and more flexible than bone. Its major cell type is chondrocytes (cartilage cells). It is found in only a few places in the body

Cartilage

What two criteria are used to classify epithelial tissues?

Cell shape and cell arrangement (layers) are the two criteria used to classify epithelium.

Which fiber type contributes strength to connective tissues?

Collagen fibers provide strength.

Consist of two or more cell layers. Being considerably more durable than the simple epithelia, these epithelia function primarily in protection.

Stratified epithelia

Is found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction, such as the surface of the skin, the mouth, and the esophagus

Stratified squamous epithelium

Is the most common stratified epithelium in the body. It usually consists of many cell layers. The cells at the free edge are squamous cells, whereas those close to the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Major cell type of cartilage

chondrocytes

In dense connective tissue, also called dense fibrous tissue, _______________________ are the main matrix element

collagen fibers

Examples of exocrine glands:

the sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas

Two main elements of extracellular matrix

a structureless ground substance and fibers

Commonly called fat. Basically, it is an areolar tissue in which fat cells predominate

Adipose tissue

forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, where it insulates the body and protects it from bumps and extremes of both heat and cold. Adipose tissue also protects some organs individually—the kidneys are surrounded by a capsule of fat, and adipose tissue cushions the eyeballs in their sockets. There are also fat "depots" in the body, such as the hips, breasts, and belly, where fat is stored and available for fuel if needed

Adipose tissue

the most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body a soft, pliable, "cobwebby" tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps. It functions as a universal packing tissue and connective tissue "glue" because it helps to hold the internal organs together and in their proper positions.

Areolar connective tissue

___________, sometimes called osseous tissue, is composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae. These pits are surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in addition to large numbers of collagen fibers. Because of its rocklike hardness, it has an exceptional ability to protect and support other body organs (for example, the skull protects the brain).

Bone

Which of the following properties apply to epithelial tissues: has blood vessels; can repair itself; cells have specialized cell junctions?

Can repair itself; cells have specialized cell junctions.

Which tissue type is the basis for scar tissue?

Dense fibrous connective tissue is the basis for fibrosis, or scar formation.

_____________________ is found in structures with elasticity, such as the external ear.

Elastic cartilage

How does the activity of endocrine glands change as the body ages?

Endocrine activity tends to decline with age.

_______________tissues have no blood supply of their own (that is, they are avascular) and depend on diffusion from the capillaries in the underlying connective tissue for food and oxygen.

Epithelial

Consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblast

Reticular connective tissue

Which of the four types of tissue is most likely to remain mitotic throughout life?

Epithelium and some connective tissues remain mitotic.

_______________ glands retain their ducts, and their secretions exit through the ducts to the epithelial surface.

Exocrine

glands that be be both internal and external

Exocrine glands

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Exocrine glands have ducts that carry their secretion (typically a protein-containing secretion other than hormones) to a free body surface. Endocrine glands produce only hormones and are ductless glands

Typically has just two cell layers with (at least) the surface cells being cuboidal in shape.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby

Granulation tissue

How does the extended length of a neuron's processes aid its function in the body?

It allows neurons to control structures some distance away

Both of these epithelia are fairly rare in the body, found mainly in the ducts of large glands.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium and stratified columnar epithelium

Difference between ligaments and tendons

Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than do tendons.

What cellular error allows a neoplasm to form?

Neoplasm means "new growth." It is an abnormal growth that occurs when normal control of cell division is lost; this was also described as "mitosis gone wild."

Nervous tissue is irritable. What does this mean?

Nervous tissue is irritable, meaning it is able to respond to stimuli.

Is limited to certain sites: It forms the stroma (literally, "bed" or "mattress"), or internal framework of an organ. The stroma can support many free blood cells (largely white blood cells called lymphocytes) in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow.

Reticular connective tissue

Goblet cells, which produce a lubricating mucus, are often seen in this type of epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Is made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

Simple columnar epithelium

Lines the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus

Simple columnar epithelium

one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their associated small tubes called ducts (for example, the salivary glands and pancreas). It also forms the walls of the kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries

Simple cuboidal epithelium

_____________________ epithelium forms serous membranes, or serosae , the slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity

Simple squamous

______________________ epithelium is in the air sacs of the lungs (called alveoli), where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged, and it forms the walls of capillaries, where nutrients and gases pass between the blood in the capillaries and the interstitial fluid.

Simple squamous

This type of epithelium usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs

Simple squamous epithelium

a single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane. The cells fit closely together, much like floor tiles

Simple squamous epithelium

_________________________________ is packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton. These muscles, which can be controlled voluntarily (or consciously), form the flesh of the body, the so-called muscular system.

Skeletal muscle tissue

Which muscle type(s) is(are) injured when you pull a muscle while exercising?

Skeletal muscle.

Which two characteristics are hallmarks (distinguishing characteristics) of epithelial tissue?

The two hallmarks of epithelial tissue include having one free surface and being avascular.

What are the two hallmarks of connective tissue?

The two unique features of connective tissues include variations in blood supply and the production of a nonliving, extracellular matrix that surrounds their living cells.

A highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs—the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra

Transitional epithelium

True or False: Smooth muscle contracts much more slowly than the other two muscle types, and these contractions tend to last longer

True

The distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue:

Variations in blood supply and an extracellular matrix

The simple epithelia are most concerned with _______________________________________________. Because simple epithelia are usually very thin _____________________is not one of their specialties.

absorption, secretion, and filtration; protection

The ____________ (basal) surface of epithelium rests on a ______________________, a structureless material secreted by both the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells deep to the epithelium

anchored, basement membrane

The membranes of epithelial tissue cells always have one free (unattached) surface or edge. This ___________surface is exposed to the body's exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ. The exposed surfaces of some epithelia are slick and smooth, but others exhibit cell surface modifications, such as microvilli or cilia.

apical

When a body region is inflamed, the local ___________________ soaks up the excess fluid like a sponge, and the area swells and becomes puffy, a condition called edema

areolar tissue

three main types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, and reticular

decrease in size, can occur in an organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation

atrophy

From most rigid to softest or most fluid, the major connective tissue classes are

bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and blood

Two major ways tissue repair (wound healing) occurs

by regeneration and by fibrosis

Like skeletal muscle, ___________________ has striations, but cardiac cells have only a ____________ nucleus and are relatively short, branching cells that fit tightly together (like clasped fingers) at junctions called __________________. These junctions contain gap junctions that allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell. This ties the cardiac cells into a functional syncytium, resulting in rapid conduction of the electrical signal to contract across the heart

cardiac muscle, single, intercalated discs,

Except for glandular epithelium , epithelial cells fit closely together to form ____________________

continuous sheets

forms strong, ropelike structures such as tendons and ligaments

dense connective tissue

makes up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets.

dense connective tissue

glands lose their ducts; thus they are often called ductless glands. Their secretions (all hormones) diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands.

endocrine

Two major types of glands develop from epithelial sheets:

endocrine and exocrine

all connective tissues consist of living cells surrounded by

extracellular matrix

manufacture the building blocks of the collagen fibers in dense connective tissue

fibroblasts

Highly compressible _____________________ forms the cushion-like disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column

fibrocartilage

Involves repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, that is, by the formation of scar tissue

fibrosis

A ____________ consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product. This product, a ______________, typically contains protein molecules in an aqueous (water-based) fluid

gland, secretion,

The ___________________________ of the matrix is composed largely of water plus some cell adhesion proteins and large, charged polysaccharide molecules

ground substance

Cardiac muscle is found only in the

heart wall

The most widespread cartilage is

hyaline cartilage

has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, blue-white appearance. It forms the trachea, or windpipe, attaches the ribs to the breastbone, and covers bone ends at joints

hyaline cartilage

The skeleton of a fetus is made largely of ________________; but by the time the baby is born, most of that cartilage has been replaced by bone. The exceptions include the epiphyseal, or growth, plates in long bones, which allow the bones to grow in length.

hyaline cartilage,

Certain body tissues (or organs) may enlarge because there is some local irritant or condition that stimulates the cells. This response is called _____________________

hyperplasia

A general (nonspecific) body response that attempts to prevent further injury

inflammation

major functional characteristics of neurons

irritability and conductivity

connect bones to bones at joints

ligaments

are softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood

loose connective tissues

Epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior are called

mucosae, or mucous membranes

Because skeletal muscle cells are elongated to provide a long axis for contraction, they are often called _____________________

muscle fibers

highly specialized to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement

muscle tissues

A special group of supporting cells called ______________ insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons in the structures of the nervous system—the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

neuroglia

Smooth (visceral) muscle is so called because

no striations are visible

Connective tissues are primarily involved in

protecting, supporting, and binding together other body tissues

Epithelial functions include

protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion

The mucus produced by the goblet cells in this epithelium acts as a "sticky trap" to catch dust and other debris, and the cilia propel the mucus upward and away from the lungs

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

lines most of the respiratory tract

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

All of the cells of _____________________________________ rest on a basement membrane. However, some of its cells are shorter than others, and their nuclei appear at different heights above the basement membrane

pseudostratified columnar epithelium,

this epithelium gives the false (pseudo) impression that it is stratified

pseudostratified columnar epithelium,

If well nourished, epithelial cells _______________ themselves easily.

regenerate

The replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

regeneration

The term ___________________ also indicates an active process in which the glandular cells obtain needed materials from the blood and use them to make their products, which they then discharge by exocytosis

secretion

line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity

serous membranes, or serosae

The classifications by cell arrangement (layers) are

simple epithelium (one layer of cells) and stratified epithelium (more than one cell layer)

The cells of ___________________ are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate, and they have obvious striations (stripes).

skeletal muscle

The three types of muscle tissue:

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, uterus, and blood vessels

smooth muscle

The "fibers" of blood are _________________ that become visible only during blood clotting

soluble proteins

There are ________________________cells, flattened like fish scales (squam = scale), ____________cells, which are cube-shaped like dice, and _________________ cells, shaped like columns

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

The surface cells are columnar cells, but their basal cells vary in size and shape.

stratified columnar epithelium

attach skeletal muscles to bones

tendons

Each epithelium is given two names. The first indicates _______________________________________________________________________. The second describes ________________________________________.

the number of cell layers it has, the shape of its cells

Examples of endocrine glands include the

thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary.

Blood, or ____________________, is considered a connective tissue because it consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called ____________________

vascular tissue, blood plasma