Chapter 3

Which of the following describes primary active transport? - ATP is used to drive transport. - Phosphotransferase systems. - Facilitated diffusion. - Ion gradients are used to drive transport.

ATP is used to drive transport

Which of the following types of transport would only be found in living cells? - Active transport - Osmosis - Facilitated diffusion - Diffusion

Active transport

Adding salt or sugar to foods is a great way to preserve these foods for a longer period of time and prevent bacterial spoilage. Why? - Adding sugar or salt creates a hypertonic environment and water will be lost from bacterial cells, leading to plasmolysis. - Adding sugar or salt creates a hypertonic environment and water will be lost from bacterial cells, leading to lysis of the cell wall.

Adding sugar or salt creates a hypertonic environment and water will be lost from bacterial cells, leading to plasmolysis.

Which of the following is a correct statement about bacterial cell walls? - All bacterial cell walls contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. - All bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan. - All bacterial species have cell walls. - All bacterial cell walls can be characterized as either Gram-negative or Gram-positive.

All bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

You identify a novel living organism that needs to be classified into one of the three domains of life. The organism has a cell wall containing pseudopeptidoglycan (pseudomurein), a plasma membrane, and a nucleoid region. Based on this information, which of the three domains would be the correct classification? - Archaea only - Bacteria only - Bacteria and Archaea - Prokaryotes

Archaea only

Archaeal plasma membranes differ from bacterial plasma membranes. Which of the following is not a major structural difference? - Some archaeal plasma membranes may be lipid monolayers as opposed to lipid bilayers. - Bacteria and archaea use different building blocks for their membrane phospholipids. - In bacterial membranes, fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester bond, while archaea use an ether bond. - Bacterial plasma membranes contain peptidoglycan while archaeal plasma membranes contain pseudomurein.

Bacterial plasma membranes contain peptidoglycan while archaeal plasma membranes contain pseudomurein.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about prokaryotes? - All prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus. - All prokaryotes have a simpler genetic makeup than eukaryotic cells. - All prokaryotes are unicellular. - Both prokaryotic domains include known human pathogens.

Both prokaryotic domains include known human pathogens.

Which of the following does not represent a shape or arrangement that a prokaryote can assume? - Stella are star shaped cells. - Clusters of bacilli form a Staph arrangement. - Clusters of bacilli form a Pallisade arrangement. - Vibrio are comma shaped cells.

Clusters of bacilli form a Staph arrangement.

Choose the false statement about cellular transport mechanisms. - Osmosis is the passive movement of water from a low-solute concentration to a high-solute concentration. - Active transport requires energy and uses carrier proteins to move substances against their concentration gradient. - Diffusion is the passive movement of substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. - Facilitated diffusion does not require energy and uses membrane proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient.

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

Which of the following statements is incorrect about endospores? - Endospores are reproductive structures. - The most medically relevant spore-formers are found in the Bacillus and Clostridium genera. - Most spore-forming prokaryotes are Gram-positive. - Endospores are highly resistant to environmental stress.

Endospores are reproductive structures.

True or false: The outer membrane contributes an extra barrier in gram-positive bacteria that makes them impervious to some antimicrobial chemicals, so they are generally more difficult to inhibit or kill than gram-negative bacteria.

False- gram negative is associated with outer membrane

Which of the following cellular structures is matched with their correct function? - Fimbriae - allow a cell to stick to surfaces or each other - Glycocalyx - contains stored materials to be used for later tasks - Pili - build proteins by linking together amino acids - Ribosomes - used to adhere to surfaces, move, and aid in gene transfer through conjugation

Fimbriae - allow a cell to stick to surfaces or each other

_____________ bacteria lack an outer membrane, have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, contain teichoic acid, and lack mycolic acid. - Gram-negative - Gram-positive - Gram-variable - Acid-fast

Gram-positive

Choose the false statement regarding prokaryotic plasma membranes. - Gases, water, and small non-charged substances can diffuse through the selectively permeable plasma membrane. - The plasma membrane's phospholipid bilayer contains hydrophilic phosphates and hydrophobic fatty acids. - The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that serves as barrier for a cell. - Ions and large polar substances can diffuse through the plasma membrane without assistance.

Ions and large polar substances can diffuse through the plasma membrane without assistance.

Which of the following describes phosphotransferase systems? - It often involves group translocation through the use of phosphoenol pyruvate. - It involves ions flowing in the same direction as the target substance. - It involves ions flowing in the opposite direction of the target substance. - It tends to use ATP to drive transport.

It often involves group translocation through the use of phosphoenol pyruvate

Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have flagella located at only one end of the cell? - Lophotrichous - Lophotrichous and monotrichous - Monotrichous - Amphitrichous - Peritrichous - Monotrichous and amphitrichous

Lophotrichous and monotrichous

Select any of the following characteristics that would NOT apply to prokaryotes: - generally simpler than eukaryotes - multicellular - lack true nucleus - tend to have single circular chromosome - often lack cell wall - all make endospores - divide by mitosis - includes domain Archaea - includes domain Bacteria - includes domain Eukarya

NOT: - multicellular - often lack a cell wall - all make endospores - divide by mitosis - include domain Eukarya

Which of the following structures is not found in a Gram-negative cell wall? - Peptidoglycan - Periplasmic space - Plasma membrane - LPS layer

Plasma membrane

Which of the following statements is incorrect? - Ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles that aid in protein synthesis. - Prokaryotic ribosomes are overall smaller in mass and diameter than eukaryotic ribosomes. - Prokaryotic ribosomes are a great target for antibiotics due to their structural difference to eukaryotic ribosomes. - Ribosomes are made up of two subunits; in prokaryotes, the larger subunit is called 50S and the smaller 30S.

Ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles that aid in protein synthesis.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about teichoic acids found in Gram-positive cell walls? - Teichoic acids promote adhesion to host tissues and protect Gram-positive bacteria from various antimicrobial compounds. - Teichoic acids stabilize the cell wall. - Teichoic acids help maintain shape of a bacterial cell and aid regulation of cell division. - Teichoic acids are not found in the cell wall of a Gram-positive organism; they are only found in Gram-negatives.

Teichoic acids are not found in the cell wall of a Gram-positive organism; they are only found in Gram-negatives.

Considering the process of osmosis, what will occur if a bacterial cell is put into a hypotonic solution? - There will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell. - The cell will lose water and undergo plasmolysis. - The cell will absorb salt from its environment. - The cell will take on water and may lyse if its cell wall is damaged.

The cell will take on water and may lyse if its cell wall is damaged

Penicillin is an antibiotic that interferes with peptidoglycan construction in cell walls. Why would this antibiotic not be a good treatment option for patients infected with Mycoplasma pneumonia? - Mycoplasma pneumonia is a virus and therefore antibiotics do not have a target. - The cell wall of the organism Mycoplasma pneumonia contains pseudomurein instead of peptidoglycan. - The organism Mycoplasma pneumonia does not have a cell wall. - Mycoplasma pneumonia is a Gram-positive organism and therefore penicillin would be an excellent treatment of choice.

The organism Mycoplasma pneumonia does not have a cell wall.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of archaeal plasma membranes? - They are made of linear fatty acids. - They are made of long-branched fatty acids. - The fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ether bond. - They can form monolayer membranes.

They are made of linear fatty acids.

Prokaryotic cells move in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Which of the following types of movement is incorrectly matched? - Chemotaxis - movement in response to a chemical stimulus - Tumble - movement in a concerted direction toward or away from a stimulus - Phototaxis - movement in response to light - Aerotaxis - movement in response to oxygen levels

Tumble - movement in a concerted direction toward or away from a stimulus

Which of the following is not acid-fast? - Mycobacterium leprae - Vibrio cholerae - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Nocardia species

Vibrio cholerae

The cytoplasmic membrane could best be described as _________. - a barrier that may or may not be present, depending on the microorganism - an impermeable barrier - a highly selective, permeable barrier - a rigid structure that protects the cell

a highly selective, permeable barrier

Which of the options below include prokaryotic cells? Select all. - eukarya - archaea - bacteria - fungi

archaea, bacteria

Most prokaryotic cells reproduce _________ through a process called __________. - sexually; binary fission - asexually; binary fission - asexually; meiosis - asexually; mitosis

asexually; binary fission

Periplasmic flagella are located: - between the plasma membrane and the cell wall. - at both poles of the cell. - clustered at one pole of the cell. - all over the cell surface.

between the plasma membrane and the cell wall

Where in a prokaryotic cell would find the genetic material? - nucleus - nucleoid - nucleolus - nucleocapsid

nucleoid

Bacteria cell walls tend to contain: - peptidoglycan - lipid bilayers - cholesterol - pseudomurein - flagellin

peptidoglycan

Which of the following molecules is not found in the plasma membrane? - peptidoglycan - cholesterol - proteins - phospholipids

peptidoglycan

Which of the following would you expect to find in acid-fast cell walls? Select all that apply. - peptidoglycan - phospholipids - lipopolysaccharide - lipid A - mycolic acid

peptidoglycan, mycolic acid

The prokaryotic plasma membrane is primarily made of____________. - carbohydrates. - phospholipids. - nucleic acids. - peptidoglycan.

phospholipids

An ability to take on different shapes to enhance survival and/or ability to cause disease is called _______________. - motility. - pleomorphism. - pathogenicity. - morphology.

pleomorphism

__________ comprise at least half the mass of a plasma membrane. - Carbohydrates - Peptidoglycan - Nucleic acids - Proteins

proteins

Archaea cell walls tend to contain: - lipid bilayers - pseudopeptidoglycan - cholesterol - flagellin - peptidoglycan

pseudopeptidoglycan

Which of the following is a component of the archaeal cell wall? - Pseudopeptidoglycan. - Peptidoglycan. - Lipopolysaccharide. - Porins.

pseudopeptidoglycan

You have isolated a motile, gram- positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can assume this cell has: - ribosomes - mitochondria - inclusions - outer membrane - all of the above

ribosomes

Which of the following transport mechanisms does not necessarily involve a membrane barrier? - Osmosis. - Simple diffusion. - Facilitated diffusion. - Active transport.

simple diffusion

You are observing an unknown organism under the microscope. The organism is spherical and arranged in long chains. You are observing _________. - spirochetes - streptococci - staphylococci - coccobacilli

streptococci

Certain bacteria can form endospores in order to ___________. - reproduce - survive harsh environments - cause recurrent infections - adhere to host tissues - avoid the immune system of the host

survive harsh environments

Tumbles occur when: - the flagella rotate counterclockwise - the flagella stop rotating - the flagella undulate - the flagella rotate clockwise

the flagella rotate clockwise

Peritrichous bacteria make a run when - the flagella turn counterclockwise and separate. - the flagella turn counterclockwise and become bundled - the flagella turn clockwise and separate - the flagella turn clockwise and become bundled.

the flagella turn counterclockwise and bundle

Select the false statement about Mycoplasma? - They normally live inside other cells. - They have a cell wall. - They cause "walking pneumonia." - They have a sterol-enriched plasma membrane.

they have a cell wall

Choose the false statement regarding prokaryotic cell. - They lack organelles. - They are all unicellular microorganisms. - They have a DNA genome. - They lack a nucleus.

they lack organelles

True or false: Ribosomes are nonmembrane-bound organelles that aid in protein synthesis.

true

Organisms that are adapted to survive in cold temperatures have a higher proportion of __________ in the lipid bilayer. - lipoproteins - unsaturated fatty acids - saturated fatty acids - glycoproteins

unsaturated fat

Choose the true statement(s) about acid-fast bacteria. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. - Acid-fast staining is important in the diagnosis of leprosy and tuberculosis. - Acid-fast bacteria have a waxy lipid called mycolic acid in their cell walls. - Genera Nocardia and Mycobacterium are acid-fast and stain pink during the acid-fast staining procedure. - Genera Nocardia and Mycobacterium are acid-fast and stain blue during the acid-fast staining procedure.

- Acid-fast staining is important in the diagnosis of leprosy and tuberculosis. - Acid-fast bacteria have a waxy lipid called mycolic acid in their cell walls. - Genera Nocardia and Mycobacterium are acid-fast and stain pink during the acid-fast staining procedure.

Choose the characteristics that separate the archaea from other prokaryotic cells. - The morphology of the cell is rigid and is geometric in shape, similar to a sphere or cylinder. - All currently identified and characterized archaea have been linked as the causative agent to an animal or human disease. - Archaea lack true peptidoglycan in their cell walls. - The cytoplasmic membrane lipids of archaea have branched or ringform hydrocarbon chains

- Archaea lack true peptidoglycan in their cell walls. - The cytoplasmic membrane lipids of archaea have branched or ring form hydrocarbon chains

Choose from the following statements the ones that correctly discuss reproduction using binary fission in a bacterial cell. Select all that apply. - Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the other, both genetically and morphologically. - The daughter cell will be a permanently smaller copy of the mother cell but will contain a complete genome. - Each daughter cell will contain an equal number of organelles. - Due to the stretching of the cytoplasmic membrane, both cells will contain a complete genome.

- Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the other, both genetically and morphologically. - Due to the stretching of the cytoplasmic membrane, both cells will contain a complete genome.

Choose the true statement(s) about prokaryotic external appendages. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. - Fimbriae aid in gene transfer through conjugation. - Pili allow for adhesion, movement, and aid in gene transfer through conjugation. - Flagella allow for motility. - The glycocalyx promotes adhesion and interferes with phagocytosis.

- Pili allow for adhesion, movement, and aid in gene transfer through conjugation. - Flagella allow for motility. - The glycocalyx promotes adhesion and interferes with phagocytosis.

Most prokaryotes are between ________ in size. - 0.5 and 2.0 μm - 0.5 and 2.5 nm

0.5 and 2.0 μm

Based on your knowledge of binary fission in prokaryotes, how many cells would be present after four cycles of cell division if you started with two cells? - 8 - 32 - 16 - 4

32

Which statement best represents what happens when a gram-positive bacterium is placed in a solution of distilled water and penicillin? - no change will result; solution is isotonic - water will move out of the cell - cell will undergo osmotic lysis - all of the above

cell will undergo osmotic lysis- the penicillin will erase peptidoglycan and water will rush in causing it to rupture

You receive results back from the lab that your patient is infected with Vibrio cholera. This organism is a _________-shaped organism. - spiral - comma - spherical - rod

comma

Prokaryotes tend to be small because they rely on _________ of nutrients. - osmosis - synthesis - diffusion - active transport

diffusion

Members of the domain Archaea are distinct from those in the domain Bacteria in that the Archaea members: - usually lack a cell wall. - are always prokaryotes. - don't cause human disease. - do not inhabit human skin.

don't cause human disease

All of the following are examples of inclusion bodies in prokaryotic cells except __________. - magnetosomes - glycogen granules - carboxysomes - endospores

endospores

Which of the following are short protein structures that help prokaryotes stick to surfaces? - Flagella. - Pili. - Fimbriae. - Glycocalyx.

fimbriae

Which of the following bacterial appendages is not used for attachment? - slime layer - flagella - pilus - fimbriae

flagella

Which of the following structures are possessed by some but not all prokaryotes? - ribosomes - a cell membrane - one or more chromosomes - flagella

flagella

Prokaryotic flagella are made of a protein called _____________. - lipid bilayers - pseudopeptidoglycan - cholesterol - flagellin - peptidoglycan

flagellin

Which of the following describes a Gram-positive cell wall? - It has a thin peptidoglycan layer. - It has a thin outer membrane. - It has a thick peptidoglycan layer. - It has a thick outer membrane.

it has a thick peptidoglycan layer

Organisms from the domains Bacteria and Archaea lack: - ribosomes - membrane-bound organelles - cell membranes - nucleic acids

membrane-bound organelles