Chapter 3

When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, there were more than _____ million workers who were employed by industry, compared to only 1 million in 1860.

10

The First National Bank of the United States was established in what year?

1791

In 2010, the Democratic-controlled Congress passed the ______, one of the largest expansions of federal authority since the 1960s.

Affordable Care Act

Who among the following were the authors of The Federalist Papers, which argued for ratifying the Constitution?

Alexander Hamilton James Madison

Which of the following are reasons why the policy role of the federal government has expanded greatly since the early twentieth century?

American society is highly interdependent. Americans expect government help. The federal government has superior taxing capacity.

Prior to the Great Depression, the ______ Party supported greater regulation of business and more rights for labor, while the ______ Party was ideologically committed to free markets and smaller government.

Democratic; Republican

Which post-Civil War amendment required the states to provide their citizens equal protection under the laws?

Fourteenth Amendment

Why is the necessary and proper clause called the elastic clause?

It allows for adjustments to the national government's implied powers.

Which of the following conditions or strings is typically attached to a categorical grant?

It can be used only for a specific, designated activity.

What did the Supreme Court rule concerning the interstate commerce clause in the 1930s?

It covers only transportation of goods, not their manufacture.

In which two legal cases did the Supreme Court rule on the authority of federal and state governments to regulate business practices?

Lochner v. New York Hammer v. Dagenhart

In 1965 the federal government partnered with states to provide health care to the poor as part of which program?

Medicaid

As a result of the Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court invalidated which of the following?

Missouri Compromise

What did the Supreme Court decide in McCulloch v. Maryland?

National law overrides state law.

Which of the following statements about federalism is accurate?

Neither the national nor state governments has the right to abolish the other.

n Federalist No. 10, Madison argued which faction was best suited to guarding the interests of the new nation?

None of the answers is correct; Madison warned against the power of any faction.

The president who began to move power, funds, and responsibility back to the states in what was called new federalism was

Ronald Reagan.

As part of its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress lacked the power to outlaw ______ in the states.

Slavery

What was the legal argument in McCulloch v. Maryland against the federal government establishing a national bank?

The Constitution did not expressly authorize the establishment of a national bank.

Which of the following statements best represents the American constitutional model of federalism?

The Constitution grants sovereignty to both the national and state governments.

Which of the following happened during the New Deal period?

The New Deal programs thrust federal power into policy areas previously reserved for the states. The Supreme Court struck down key pieces of the New Deal programs.

What is the connection between the Lochner decision and the Hammer decision?

The earlier Lochner decision actually made the later Hammer decision unenforceable.

Which of the following has occurred under cooperative federalism?

The federal government has been more heavily involved in policy areas traditionally reserved for the states.

Why are the states' constitutional powers called reserved powers?

The language of the Constitution reserves all powers not delegated to the national government to the states.

Which of the following were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

The national government had no power to regulate interstate commerce. The national government had no power to tax.

Which of the following statements are true of the U.S. federal system?

The national government now operates in many policy areas traditionally reserved to the states. The authority of the national government has expanded greatly since the 1930s.

In the U.S. system, what is the relationship between the state governments and the local governments within each state?

The system is unitary. The states create counties and cities and can abolish them if they choose.

How would the framers have reacted to the ways in which federal power has evolved over the decades?

They would be largely unsurprised.

True or false: Madison and Hamilton thought that the federal structure would encourage the state and national governments to check each other if either became abusive to individual freedom.

True

True or false: Prior to the passage of the United States Constitution, many of the states governed under their own state constitutions that dated back to the colonial era.

True

True or false: The principle of federalism has provoked frequent and bitter conflict from the time the Constitution was ratified.

True

The French philosopher Montesquieu, whose ideas influenced the Anti-Federalists, claimed that what form of government would best serve people's interests?

a small republic

In its decision to uphold the National Labor Relations Act, along with a subsequent ruling, the Supreme Court declared that Congress's commerce power is

as broad as the nation needs it to be.

Which of the following characterized the era of dual federalism?

business supremacy in commerce policy

Rather than using the Fourteenth Amendment to protect freed slaves, in 1886 the Supreme Court interpreted the amendment to provide protection to

businesses

Grants-in-aid refers to

cash transfers from the federal government to state and localities to administer programs.

States alone are sovereign in a

confederacy

States alone are sovereign in a

confederacy.

Which system grants sovereignty solely to non-central governments, thereby making the central government dependent on them?

confederation system

The Constitution's commerce clause says that ______ shall have the power to "regulate commerce" among the states.

congress

Which of the following actions gave the national government more power than the states during George W. Bush's presidency?

creation of the Department of Homeland Security

In the U.S. federal system, which of the following is/are the national government's responsibility?

currency regulation military defense

Which of the following factors contributed to the economic decline of the states and the need for a wholesale federal assistance program, such as the New Deal?

declining tax revenues due to increased unemployment increased demand of welfare assistance

The doctrine by which state and national authority was separated precisely is known as

dual federalism

What are the powers specifically given to the national government by the Constitution called?

enumerated

Those powers expressly listed in the Constitution are referred to as

enumerated powers.

Match the set of powers with the appropriate level of government.

enumerated- national reserved- state implied- national

A(n) ____________________ system of government is one in which the power to govern is shared between a national government and smaller governments, with each retaining some exclusive power.

federal

The Constitution enumerates powers for which level of government?

federal

The use of the commerce clause during the 1930s gave the ______ government(s) increased power.

federal

When Republicans recaptured congressional control in 1994, they moved to

give more power to the state and local governments.

Money provided by the federal government to state and local governments to administer programs is called

grants-in-aid.

In the system of cooperative federalism, the states

have retained most of their traditional authority.

After the Plessy decision, black Americans in the South were forced to endure legal segregation, which included

inferior public schools. separate public conveyances. hospitals with few doctors and fewer supplies.

Which of the following describes the fact that what happens in a policy area at one level of government affects what happens at all other levels?

interdependency

Compared to categorical grants, the use of block grants

is less narrowly defined, which means the recipients enjoy greater discretion.

The justices of the post-Civil War Supreme Court mostly favored

laissez-faire capitalism.

The Anti-Federalists believed that state-centered government helped to serve the people's interests by promoting which two core democratic values?

liberty self-government

The supremacy clause of the U.S. Constitution

makes national laws the supreme law of the land.

An 1886 Supreme Court ruling determined that corporations were

persons

Which of the following would have fought against uncontrolled business power in the era just before the Great Depression?

progressive Republicans Democrats

According to the decision in United States v. Butler (1936), Congress's spending power is based upon, and limited by,

providing for "the general welfare."

What was behind the 1990s-era rollback of federal authority?

public opinion

Alexander Hamilton claimed that the federal government had the implied power to create a national bank through its power to

regulate currency.

The McCulloch and Gibbons decisions both

relied upon the necessary and proper clause. expanded national power.

The powers granted to the states in the Constitution are called ______ powers

reserved

In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court established the ______ doctrine arguing that it did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate-but-equal

In Federalist No. 28, Hamilton stated that the people would have an "instrument of redress," should they wish to challenge established power. What was that instrument?

state power against national power, or national power against state power

The Articles of Confederation created a union of

states

Chief Justice John Marshall's rulings generally

supported the idea of expanding federal power.

States' reserved powers are provided through the ______ Amendment.

tenth

In the years following 1935 during the Great Depression, the Supreme Court loosened restrictions on

the banking industry. Congress's ability to regulate commerce. Congress's taxing and spending power.

Since the 1930s,

the federal government has dramatically increased its power.

The implied powers of Congress derive from which clause of the Constitution?

the necessary and proper clause

Which federal aid programs were the particular target of Republicans in the 1970s and beyond?

those that aided the poor

When the key pieces of the New Deal programs were struck down by the Supreme Court, President Franklin Roosevelt responded by

threatening to pack the Court with his own justices.

How many distinct eras of federalism have occurred in the U.S.?

three

True or false: During the 1930s, the Supreme Court ruled that the Congress had the power to regulate all aspects of commerce as an industrial economy could not be confined to one state and thus must be subject to national regulation.

true

A system in which the national government alone has sovereignty (final governing authority) is called a ______ system.

unitary

The most significant change wrought by the Republican Revolution was the 1996 ______ Reform Act.

welfare