Chapter 30
A nurse is reviewing self-care measures for a client with peripheral vascular disease. Which statement indicates proper self-care measures? "I like to soak my feet in the hot tub every day." "I walk only to the mailbox in my bare feet." "I stopped smoking and use only chewing tobacco." "I have my wife look at the soles of my feet each day."
"I have my wife look at the soles of my feet each day." A client with peripheral vascular disease should examine his feet daily for redness, dryness, or cuts. If a client isn't able to do this examination on his own, then a caregiver or family member should help him. A client with peripheral vascular disease should avoid hot tubs because decreased sensation in the feet may make him unable to tell if the water is too hot. The client should always wear shoes or slippers on his feet when he is out of bed to help minimize trauma to the feet. Any type of nicotine, whether it's from cigarettes or smokeless tobacco, can cause vasoconstriction and further decrease blood supply to the extremities.
A client with peripheral arterial disease asks the nurse about using a heating pad to warm the feet. The nurse's best response is which of the following? "It is better to put the heating pad on your abdomen, which causes vasodilation and warmth to your feet." "A heating pad to your feet is fine as long as the temperature stays below 105 degrees F." "A heating pad to your feet is a good idea because it increases the metabolic rate." "It is better to soak your feet in hot water as long as the water temperature is below 110 degrees F."
"It is better to put the heating pad on your abdomen, which causes vasodilation and warmth to your feet." It is safer to apply a heating pad to the abdomen, causing a reflex vasodilation in the extremities. Heat may be applied directly to ischemic extremities; however, the temperature of the heating source must not exceed body temperature. Excess heat may increase the metabolic rate of the extremities and increase the need for oxygen beyond that provided by the reduced arterial flow through the diseased artery.
A client admitted to the medical-surgical unit with a venous thromboembolism (VTE) is started on enoxaparin and warfarin. The client asks the nurse why two medications are needed. Which response by the nurse is accurate? "Administration of two anticoagulants decreases the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis." "Enoxaparin will dissolve the clot, and warfarin will prevent any more clots from occurring." "The enoxaparin will work immediately, but the warfarin takes several days to achieve its full effect." "Because of the potential for a pulmonary embolism, it is important for you to take at least two anticoagulants."
"The enoxaparin will work immediately, but the warfarin takes several days to achieve its full effect."
Heparin therapy is usually considered therapeutic when the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is how many times higher than a normal value? 0.5 to 1.5 1.5 to 2.5 2.5 to 3.5 3.5 to 4.5
1.5 to 2.5
Which of the following medications is considered a thrombolytic? Alteplase Heparin Coumadin Lovenox
Alteplase Alteplase is considered a thrombolytic, which lyses and dissolves thrombi. Thrombolytic therapy is most effective when given within the first 3 days after acute thrombosis. Heparin, Coumadin, and Lovenox do not lyse clots.
A patient is admitted to a special critical care unit for the treatment of an arterial thrombus. The nurse is aware that the preferred drug of choice for clot removal, unless contraindicated, would be: Alteplase. Reteplase. Urokinase. Streptokinase
Alteplase. Alteplase has fewer disadvantages than the other thrombolytic agents. Refer to Table 18-2 in the text.
A client is being discharged home with a venous stasis ulcer on the right lower leg. Which topic will the nurse include in client teaching before discharge? Adequate carbohydrate intake Application of graduated compression stockings Prophylactic antibiotic therapy Methods of keeping the wound area dry
Application of graduated compression stockings Graduated compression stockings usually are prescribed for clients with venous insufficiency. The required pressure gradient is determined by the amount and severity of venous disease. Graduated compression stockings are designed to apply 100% of the prescribed pressure gradient at the ankle and pressure that decreases as the stocking approaches the thigh, reducing the caliber of the superficial veins in the leg and increasing flow in the deep veins. These stockings may be knee high, thigh high, or pantyhose.
A home health nurse is seeing an elderly female client for the first time. During the physical assessment of the client's feet, the nurse notes several circular ulcers around the tips of the toes on both feet. The bases of the ulcers are pale, and the client reports the ulcers to be very painful. From these assessment findings, the nurse suspects that the cause of the ulcers is which of the following? Arterial insufficiency Venous insufficiency Neither venous nor arterial Trauma
Arterial insufficiency Characteristics of arterial insufficiency ulcers include location at the tips of the toes, extreme painfulness, and circular shape with pale to black ulcer bases. Ulcers caused by venous insufficiency will be irregular in shape, minimal pain if superficial (can be painful), and usually located around the ankles or the anterior tibial area.
You are presenting a workshop at the senior citizens center about how the changes of aging predisposes clients to vascular occlusive disorders. What would you name as the most common cause of peripheral arterial problems in the older adult? Aneurysm Coronary thrombosis Atherosclerosis Raynaud's disease
Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of peripheral arterial problems in the older adult. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect.
Which observation regarding ulcer formation on the client's lower extremity indicates that the ulcer is a result of venous insufficiency? Border of the ulcer is irregular Though superficial, it is very painful Base is pale to black Is deep, involving the joint space
Border of the ulcer is irregular The border of an ulcer caused by arterial insufficiency is circular. Superficial venous insufficiency ulcers cause minimal pain. The base of a venous insufficiency ulcer shows a beefy red to fibrinous yellow color. Venous insufficiency ulcers are usually superficial.
Health teaching includes advising patients on ways to reduce PAD. The nurse should always emphasize that the strongest risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic lesions is: Cigarette smoking. Lack of exercise. Obesity. Stress.
Cigarette smoking. Nicotine decreases blood flow, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and increases the risk for clot formation by increasing platelet aggregation. Smokers have a four-fold higher risk of developing pain from arterial disease than nonsmokers. Carbon monoxide, produced by burning tobacco, combines with hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, thus depriving tissues of oxygen.
Pentoxifylline (Trental) is a medication used for which of the following conditions? Claudication Thromboemboli Hypertension Elevated triglycerides
Claudication Trental and Pletal are the only medications specifically indicated for the treatment of claudication. Thromboemboli, hypertension, and elevated triglycerides are not indications for using Trental.
As the clinic nurse caring for a client with varicose veins, what is an appropriate nursing action for this client? Demonstrate how to self-administer IV infusions. Demonstrate how to apply and remove elastic support stockings. Assess for the sites of bleeding. Assess for skin integrity.
Demonstrate how to apply and remove elastic support stockings.
The nurse assessing a client who has arterial insufficiency of the legs and an ulcer on the left great toe would expect to find which characteristic? Diminished or absent pulses Superficial ulcer Aching, cramping pain Pulses that are present but difficult to palpate
Diminished or absent pulses Occlusive arterial disease impairs blood flow and can reduce or obliterate palpable pulsations in the extremities. A diminished or absent pulse is a characteristic of arterial insufficiency.
Which class of medication lyses and dissolves thrombi? Fibrinolytic Anticoagulant Platelet inhibitors Factor XA inhibitors
Fibrinolytic Thrombolytic (fibrinolytic) therapy lyses and dissolves thrombi in 50% of clients. Anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors, and factor XA inhibitors do not lyse or dissolve thrombi.
A patient with diabetes is being treated for a wound on the lower extremity that has been present for 30 days. What option for treatment is available to increase diffusion of oxygen to the hypoxic wound? Surgical debridement Enzymatic debridement Hyperbaric oxygen Vacuum-assisted closure device
Hyperbaric oxygen
The nurse is caring for a patient who has started anticoagulant therapy with warfarin (Coumadin). When does the nurse understand that therapeutic benefits will begin? Within 12 hours Within the first 24 hours In 2 days In 3 to 5 days
In 3 to 5 days Oral anticoagulants, such as warfarin, are monitored by the PT or the INR. Because the full anticoagulant effect of warfarin is delayed for 3 to 5 days, it is usually administered concurrently with heparin until desired anticoagulation has been achieved (i.e., when the PT is 1.5 to 2 times normal or the INR is 2.0 to 3.0) (Holbrook et al., 2012).
A client is receiving enoxaparin and warfarin therapy for a venous thromboembolism (VTE). Which laboratory value indicates that anticoagulation is adequate and enoxaparin can be discontinued? Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT) is half of the control value Prothrombin time (PT) is 0.5 times normal. International normalized ratio (INR) is 2.5. K+ level is 3.5.
International normalized ratio (INR) is 2.5. Oral anticoagulants such as warfarin are monitored by PT or the INR. Because the full anticoagulant effect of warfarin is delayed for 3 to 5 days, it is usually administered concurrently with heparin until desired anticoagulation has been achieved (i.e., when the PT is 1.5 to 2 times normal or the INR is 2.0 to 3.0)
With a severe degree of peripheral arterial insufficiency, leg pain during rest can be reduced by: Elevating the limb over the heart level. Lowering the limb so that it is dependent. Massaging the limb after application of cold compresses. Placing the limb in a plane horizontal to the body.
Lowering the limb so that it is dependent. Lowering the extremity to a dependent position improves perfusion to the distal tissues.
A client is diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease. Review of the client's chart shows an ankle-brachial index (ABI) on the right of 0.45. This indicates that the right foot has which of the following? Moderate to severe arterial insufficiency No arterial insufficiency Very mild arterial insufficiency Tissue loss to that foot
Moderate to severe arterial insufficiency Normal people without arterial insufficiency have an ABI of about 1.0. Those with an ABI of 0.95 to 0.5 have mild to moderate arterial insufficiency. Those with an ABI of less than 0.50 have ischemic rest pain. Those with tissue loss have severe ischemia and an ABI of 0.25 or less.
A nurse is caring for a client following an arterial vascular bypass graft in the leg. What should the nurse plan to assess over the next 24 hours? Peripheral pulses every 15 minutes after surgery Ankle-arm indices every 12 hours Blood pressure every 2 hours Color of the leg every 4 hours
Peripheral pulses every 15 minutes after surgery
The nurse assesses a patient with hip pain related to intermittent claudication. She knows that the area of arterial narrowing is the: Common iliac artery. Common femoral artery. Anterior tibial. Posterior tibial.
The location of the claudication occurs in muscle groups distal to the diseased vessel. Hip or buttock pain may result from reduced blood flow from the common iliac artery.
The most important reason for a nurse to encourage a client with peripheral vascular disease to initiate a walking program is that this form of exercise: reduces stress. aids in weight reduction. increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. decreases venous congestion.
decreases venous congestion. Regular walking is the best way to decrease venous congestion because using the leg muscles as a pump helps return blood to the heart. Regular exercise also aids in stress reduction and weight reduction and increases the formation of HDLs — which are all beneficial to a client with peripheral vascular disease. However, these changes don't have as significant an effect on the client's condition as decreasing venous congestion.
A health care provider wants a cross-sectional image of the abdomen to evaluate the degree of stenosis in a patient's left common iliac artery. The nurse knows to prepare the patient for which of the following? Doppler ultrasound Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) Angiography Computed tomography angiography (CTA)
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) A CTA is used to visualize arteries and veins and help assess for stenosis and occlusion.
A community health nurse teaches a group of older adults about modifiable risk factors that contribute to the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The nurse knows that the teaching was effective based on which statement? "I will need to stop smoking because the nicotine causes less blood to flow to my hands and feet." "I will need to increase the amount of green leafy vegetables I eat to lower my cholesterol levels." "The older I get the higher my risk for peripheral arterial disease gets." "Because my family is from Italy, I have a higher risk of developing peripheral arterial disease."
"I will need to stop smoking because the nicotine causes less blood to flow to my hands and feet." The use of tobacco products may be one of the most important risk factors in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Nicotine in tobacco decreases blood flow to the extremities and increases heart rate and blood pressure by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. This causes vasoconstriction, thereby decreasing arterial blood flow. It also increases the risk of clot formation by increasing the aggregation of platelets.
In a client with a bypass graft, the distal outflow vessel must have at least what percentage patency for the graft to remain patent? 20 30 40 50
50 The distal outflow vessel must be at least 50% patent for the graft to remain patent.
A client in the emergency department states, "I have always taken a morning walk, but lately my leg cramps and hurts after just a few minutes of walking. The pain goes away after I stop walking, though." Based on this statement, which priority assessment should the nurse complete? Check for the presence of tortuous veins bilaterally on the legs. Ask about any changes in skin color that occur in response to cold. Attempt to palpate the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses. Assess for unilateral swelling and tenderness of either leg.
Attempt to palpate the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses. Intermittent claudication is a sign of peripheral arterial insufficiency. The nurse should assess for other clinical manifestations of peripheral arterial disease in a client who describes intermittent claudication. A thorough assessment of the client's skin color and temperature and the character of the peripheral pulses are important in the diagnosis of arterial disorders.
Which of the following is a diagnostic test that involves injection of a contrast media into the venous system through a dorsal vein in the foot? Contrast phlebography Air plethysmography Lymphangiography Lymphoscintigraphy
Contrast phlebography When a thrombus exists, an X-ray image will disclose an unfilled segment of a vein. Air plethysmography quantifies venous reflux and calf muscle pump ejection. In lymphangiography, contrast media are injected into the lymph system. In lymphoscintigraphy, a radioactive-labeled colloid is injected into the lymph system.
A patient who had a colon resection 3 days ago is complaining of discomfort in the left calf. How should the nurse assess Homan's sign to determine if the patient may have a thrombus formation in the leg? Dorsiflex the foot while the leg is elevated to check for calf pain. Elevate the patient's legs for 20 minutes and then lower them slowly while checking for areas of inadequate blood return. Extend the leg, plantar flex the foot, and check for the patency of the dorsalis pedis pulse. Lower the patient's legs and massage the calf muscles to note any areas of tenderness.
Dorsiflex the foot while the leg is elevated to check for calf pain. Homan's sign is indicated by pain in the calf after the foot is sharply dorsiflexed.
A physician orders blood coagulation tests to evaluate a client's blood-clotting ability. The nurse knows that such tests are important in assessing clients at risk for thrombi, such as those with a history of atrial fibrillation, infective endocarditis, prosthetic heart valves, or myocardial infarction. Which test determines a client's response to oral anticoagulant drugs? Bleeding time Platelet count Prothrombin time (PT) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
PT determines a client's response to oral anticoagulant therapy. This test measures the time required for a fibrin clot to form in a citrated plasma sample following addition of calcium ions and tissue thromboplastin and compares this time with the fibrin-clotting time in a control sample. The physician should adjust anticoagulant dosages as needed, to maintain PT at 1.5 to 2.5 times the control value. Bleeding time indicates how long it takes for a small puncture wound to stop bleeding. The platelet count reflects the number of circulating platelets in venous or arterial blood. PTT determines the effectiveness of heparin therapy and helps physicians evaluate bleeding tendencies. Physicians diagnose approximately 99% of bleeding disorders on the basis of PT and PTT values.
While receiving heparin to treat a pulmonary embolus, a client passes bright red urine. What should the nurse do first? Decrease the heparin infusion rate. Prepare to administer protamine sulfate. Monitor the partial thromboplastin time (PTT). Start an I.V. infusion of dextrose 5% in water (D5W).
Prepare to administer protamine sulfate. Frank hematuria indicates excessive anticoagulation and bleeding — and heparin overdose. The nurse should discontinue the heparin infusion immediately and prepare to administer protamine sulfate, the antidote for heparin. Decreasing the heparin infusion rate wouldn't prevent further bleeding. Although the nurse should continue to monitor PTT, this action should occur later. An I.V. infusion of D5W may be administered, but only after protamine has been given.
A postoperative client is receiving heparin after developing thrombophlebitis. The nurse monitors the client carefully for bleeding and other adverse effects of heparin. If the client starts to exhibit signs of excessive bleeding, the nurse should expect to administer an antidote that is specific to heparin. Which agent fits this description? Phytonadione (vitamin K) Protamine sulfate Thrombin Plasma protein fraction
Protamine sulfate Protamine sulfate is the antidote specific to heparin. Phytonadione (vitamin K) is the antidote specific to oral anticoagulants such as warfarin. (Heparin isn't given orally.) Thrombin is a hemostatic agent used to control local bleeding. Plasma protein fraction, a blood derivative, supplies colloids to the blood and expands plasma volume; it's used to treat clients who are in shock.
A female client is readmitted to the facility with a warm, tender, reddened area on her right calf. Which contributing factor should the nurse recognize as most important? History of increased aspirin use Recent pelvic surgery An active daily walking program A history of diabetes mellitus
Recent pelvic surgery The client shows signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The pelvic area has a rich blood supply, and thrombophlebitis of the deep veins is associated with pelvic surgery. Aspirin, an antiplatelet agent, and an active walking program help decrease the client's risk of DVT. In general, diabetes mellitus is a contributing factor associated with peripheral vascular disease.
Which of the following is the most effective intervention for preventing progression of vascular disease? Risk factor modification Use neutral soaps Avoid trauma Wear sturdy shoes
Risk factor modification Risk factor modification is the most effective intervention for preventing progression of vascular disease. Measures to prevent tissue loss and amputation are a high priority. Patients are taught to avoid trauma; wear sturdy, well-fitting shoes or slippers; and use pH neutral soaps and body lotions.
A nurse is providing education about the prevention of arterial constriction to a client with peripheral arterial disease. Which of the following includes priority information the nurse would give to the client? Stop smoking. Keep your feet elevated above your heart. Wear antiembolic stockings daily to assist with blood return to the heart. Do not cross your legs for more than 30 minutes at a time.
Stop smoking. Nicotine from tobacco products causes vasospasm and can thereby dramatically reduce circulation to the extremities. When the client elevates the feet above the heart level, the heart must work against gravity to supply blood to the feet. Antiembolic stocking are helpful for venous return to the heart, but constriction is not helpful for lack of arterial blood flow. Crossing the legs for more than a few minutes at a time compresses arteries and decreases blood supply to the legs and feet.
The nurse is caring for a patient with venous insufficiency. For what should the nurse assess the patient's lower extremities? Rubor Cellulitis Dermatitis Ulceration
Ulceration Venous ulceration is the most serious complication of chronic venous insufficiency and can be associated with other conditions affecting the circulation of the lower extremities. Cellulitis or dermatitis may complicate the care of chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcerations.
What symptoms should the nurse assess for in a client with lymphedema as a result of impaired nutrition to the tissue? Loose and wrinkled skin Ulcers and infection in the edematous area Evident scaring Cyanosis
Ulcers and infection in the edematous area In a client with lymphedema, the tissue nutrition is impaired as a result of the stagnation of lymphatic fluid, leading to ulcers and infection in the edematous area. Later, the skin also appears thickened, rough, and discolored. Scaring does not occur in clients with lymphedema. Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
A client with no known history of peripheral vascular disease comes to the emergency department complaining of sudden onset of lower leg pain. Inspection and palpation reveal absent pulses; paresthesia; and a mottled, cyanotic, cold, and cadaverous left calf. While the physician determines the appropriate therapy, the nurse should: place a heating pad around the affected calf. elevate the affected leg as high as possible. keep the affected leg level or slightly dependent. shave the affected leg in anticipation of surgery.
keep the affected leg level or slightly dependent. While the physician makes treatment decisions, the nurse should maintain the client on bed rest, keeping the affected leg level or slightly dependent (to aid circulation) and protecting it from pressure and other trauma. Warming the leg with a heating pad (or chilling it with an ice pack) would further compromise tissue perfusion and increase injury to the leg. Elevating the leg would worsen tissue ischemia. Shaving an ischemic leg could cause accidental trauma from cuts or nicks.
Vasodilation or vasoconstriction produced by an external cause will interfere with a nurse's accurate assessment of a client with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Therefore, the nurse should: keep the client warm. maintain room temperature at 78° F (25.6° C). keep the client uncovered. match the room temperature to the client's body temperature.
keep the client warm. The nurse should keep the client covered and expose only the portion of the client's body that she's assessing. The nurse should also keep the client warm by maintaining his room temperature between 68° F and 74° F (20° and 23.3° C). Extreme temperatures aren't good for clients with PVD. The valves in their arteries and veins are already insufficient, and exposing them to vast changes in temperature could affect assessment findings. Keeping the client uncovered would cause him to become chilled. Matching the room temperature to the client's body temperature is inappropriate.
Two days after undergoing a total abdominal hysterectomy, a client complains of left calf pain. Venography reveals deep vein thrombosis (DVT). When assessing this client, the nurse is likely to detect: pallor and coolness of the left foot. a decrease in the left pedal pulse. loss of hair on the lower portion of the left leg. left calf circumference 1" (2.5 cm) larger than the right.
left calf circumference 1" (2.5 cm) larger than the right. Signs of DVT include inflammation and edema in the affected extremity, causing its circumference to exceed that of the opposite extremity. Pallor, coolness, decreased pulse, and hair loss in an extremity signal interrupted arterial blood flow, which doesn't occur in DVT.
A client complains of leg pain brought on by walking several blocks — a symptom that first arose several weeks earlier. The client's history includes diabetes mellitus and a two-pack-per-day cigarette habit for the past 42 years. The physician diagnoses intermittent claudication and orders pentoxifylline (Trental), 400 mg three times daily with meals. Which instruction concerning long-term care should the nurse provide? "Practice meticulous foot care." "Consider cutting down on your smoking." "Reduce your level of exercise." "See the physician if complications occur."
"Practice meticulous foot care." Intermittent claudication and other chronic peripheral vascular diseases reduce oxygenation to the feet, making them susceptible to injury and poor healing. Therefore, meticulous foot care is essential. The nurse should teach the client to bathe his feet in warm water and dry them thoroughly, cut the toenails straight across, wear well-fitting shoes, and avoid taking medications without the approval of a physician. Because nicotine is a vasoconstrictor, this client should stop smoking, not just consider cutting down. Daily walking is beneficial to clients with intermittent claudication. To evaluate the effectiveness of the therapeutic regimen, this client should see the physician regularly, not just when complications occur.
The nurse is assisting a patient with peripheral arterial disease to ambulate in the hallway. What should the nurse include in the education of the patient during ambulation? "As soon as you feel pain, we will go back and elevate your legs." "If you feel pain during the walk, keep walking until the end of the hallway is reached." "Walk to the point of pain, rest until the pain subsides, then resume ambulation." "If you feel any discomfort, stop and we will use a wheelchair to take you back to your room."
"Walk to the point of pain, rest until the pain subsides, then resume ambulation." The nurse instructs the patient to walk to the point of pain, rest until the pain subsides, and then resume walking so that endurance can be increased as collateral circulation develops. Pain can serve as a guide in determining the appropriate amount of exercise.
When administering heparin anticoagulant therapy, the nurse needs to make certain that the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is within the therapeutic range of: 1.5 to 2.5 times the baseline control. 2.5 to 3.0 times the baseline control. 3.5 times the baseline control. 4.5 times the baseline control.
1.5 to 2.5 times the baseline control. A normal PTT level is 21 to 35 seconds. A reading of more than 100 seconds indicates a significant risk of hemorrhage.
Approximately what percentage of the arterial lumen must be obstructed before intermittent claudication is experienced? 20 30 40 50
50 Typically, about 50% of the arterial lumen or 75% of the cross-sectional area must be obstructed before intermittent claudication is experienced.
Which observation regarding ulcer formation on the client's lower extremity indicates that the ulcer is a result of venous insufficiency? Border of the ulcer is irregular Though superficial, it is very painful Base is pale to black Is deep, involving the joint space
Border of the ulcer is irregular The border of an ulcer caused by arterial insufficiency is circular. Superficial venous insufficiency ulcers cause minimal pain. The base of a venous insufficiency ulcer shows a beefy red to fibrinous yellow color. Venous insufficiency ulcers are usually superficial.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an arterial ulcer? Border regular and well demarcated Brawny edema Ankle-brachial index (ABI) > 0.90 Edema may be severe
Border regular and well demarcated Characteristics of an arterial ulcer include a border that is regular and demarcated. Brawny edema, ABI > 0.90, and edema that may be severe are characteristics of a venous ulcer.
The nurse is caring for a patient with peripheral arterial insufficiency. What can the nurse suggest to help relieve leg pain during rest? Elevating the limb above heart level Lowering the limb so that it is dependent Massaging the limb after application of cold compresses Placing the limb in a plane horizontal to the body
Lowering the limb so that it is dependent Persistent pain in the forefoot (i.e., the anterior portion of the foot) when the patient is resting indicates a severe degree of arterial insufficiency and a critical state of ischemia. Known as rest pain, this discomfort is often worse at night and may interfere with sleep. This pain frequently requires that the extremity be lowered to a dependent position to improve perfusion to the distal tissues.
A nurse is admitting a new client with a deep vein thrombosis in her left leg. During the admission process, which information provided by the client would be a contraindication to anticoagulant therapy? Scheduled eye surgery in 1 week A cerebral vascular bleed 10 years ago Three vaginal births, the most recent 18 months ago Diet that includes many green, leafy vegetables every day
Scheduled eye surgery in 1 week Contraindications to anticoagulant therapy include recent or impending eye surgery, recent cerebral vascular bleeds, and recent childbirth. A diet including green leafy vegetables is not a contraindication.
A nurse and physician are preparing to visit a hospitalized client with peripheral arterial disease. As you approach the client's room, the physician asks if the client has reported any intermittent claudication. The client has reported this symptom. The nurse explains to the physician which of the following details? The client can walk about 50 feet before getting pain in the right lower leg. The client's fingers tingle when left in one position for too long. The client experiences shortness of breath after walking about 50 feet. The client's legs awaken him during the night with itching.
The client can walk about 50 feet before getting pain in the right lower leg. Intermittent claudication is caused by the inability of the arterial system to provide adequate blood flow to the tissues when increased demands are made for oxygen and nutrients during exercise. Pain is then experienced. When the client rests and decreases demands, the pain subsides. The client can then walk the same distance and repeat the process.
A client reports pain and cramping in the thigh when climbing stairs and numbness in the legs after exertion. Which diagnostic test with the physician likely perform right in the office to determine PAD? ankle-brachial index exercise electrocardiography electron beam computed tomography photoplethysmography
ankle-brachial index
The nurse teaches the client with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) to refrain from smoking because nicotine causes vasospasm. slows the heart rate. depresses the cough reflex. causes diuresis.
causes vasospasm. Nicotine causes vasospasm and can thereby dramatically reduce circulation to the extremities. Nicotine has stimulant effects. Nicotine does not suppress cough; rather, smoking irritates the bronchial tree, causing coughing. Nicotine does not cause diuresis.
To check for arterial insufficiency when a client is in a supine position, the nurse should elevate the extremity at a 45-degree angle and then have the client sit up. The nurse suspects arterial insufficiency if the assessment reveals: elevational rubor. no rubor for 10 seconds after the maneuver. elevational pallor. a 30-second filling time for the veins.
elevational pallor. If arterial insufficiency is present, elevation of the limb would yield a pallor from the lack of circulation. Rubor on elevation and increased venous filling time would suggest venous problems secondary to venous trapping and incompetent valves.