Chapter 32 - Animals

The animal kingdom is A) Monophyletic B) Paraphyletic C) Polyphyletic D) Nanophyletic

A) Monophyletic

Which of the following has the lowest SA:V ratio? A) cuttlefish (cephalopod) the size of a basketball B) hydrozoan polyp with thin stalks C) flatworm that fits on a dime D) coccus-shaped bacterium

A) cuttlefish (cephalopod) the size of a basketball

Which of the following body cavity is INCORRECTLY defined? A) pseudocoelomate—body cavity that forms between the ectoderm and the mesoderm B) coelomate—body cavity that forms within the mesoderm C) acoelomate—no body cavity

A) pseudocoelomate—body cavity that forms between the ectoderm and the mesoderm

You can divide a four-cell deuterostome embryo into four separate cells and potentially get four growing embryos.

True

A large increase in the number of animal phyla appeared during the A) Proterozoic eon B) Cambrian period C) Silurian period D) Mesozoic era E) Cenozoic era

B) Cambrian period

As a cube increases in size... A) Its surface area increases at a faster rate than its volume B) Its SA:V decreases C) Its SA:V increases D) The increase in surface area is proportionally the same as the increase in volume

B) Its SA:V decreases

Which of the following is NOT true about body cavities? A) body cavities can help cushion an animal's organs and prevent injury B) a coelom is another word for a digestive tract C) hemocoels (pseudocoeloms) contain hemolymph D) coeloms are lined only by mesoderm tissue, whereas pseudocoeloms (hemocoels) are lined by both mesoderm and endoderm tissue

B) a coelom is another word for a digestive tract

For animals, more oxygen allows for: (check all that apply) A) intracellular digestion B) faster metabolism and greater levels of activity C) faster digestion of inorganic molecules D) a bigger body size

B) faster metabolism and greater levels of activity D) a bigger body size

Animals have A) asexual life cycles B) gametic life cycles C) sporic life cycles D) zygotic life cycles

B) gametic life cycles

Each cell has the capacity to develop into a complete embryo in organisms with... A) determinate cleavage B) indeterminate cleavage C) spiral cleavage

B) indeterminate cleavage

For animals of a given shape, as animals get bigger: (check all that apply) A) the surface area: volume ratio increases B) the surface area: volume ratio decreases C) it becomes increasingly easy to obtain enough oxygen by simple diffusion across the surface of the body D) it becomes increasingly difficult to obtain enough oxygen by simple diffusion across the surface of the body

B) the surface area: volume ratio decreases D) it becomes increasingly difficult to obtain enough oxygen by simple diffusion across the surface of the body

A pseudocoelom (hemocoel)... A) Does not provide the benefits of a body cavity because it's not a true coelom B) Develops from within the mesoderm C) Can help carry various molecules around the body D) Is present in diploblastic animals

C) Can help carry various molecules around the body

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of animals? A) Multicellular B) Heterotrophic C) Rigid cell walls D) Nervous system E) Internal gut

C) Rigid cell walls

What should animals with radial symmetry be better able to do than those with bilateral symmetry? A) move quickly in one direction B) detect threats from above or below equally well C) deal effectively with food distributed homogeneously in 360 degrees D) focus attention in a single direction

C) deal effectively with food distributed homogeneously in 360 degrees

What is true of modern animal phylogenies? A) they take no account of an animal's body plan B) they rely solely on molecular (genetic) data C) they are hypothetical D) they are immune from error due to homoplasies and convergent evolution

C) they are hypothetical

A true coelom: A) is a gastrovascular cavity where food is digested, in both diploblastic and triploblastic animals B) is a digestive track with a separate mouth and anus, in both diploblastic and triploblastic animals C) is a body cavity that opens up within the mesoderm (i.e. is lined by mesoderm tissue) in diploblastic animals D) is a body cavity that opens up within the mesoderm (i.e. is lined by mesoderm tissue) in triploblastic animals E) is a body cavity that opens up between the endoderm and the mesoderm (i.e. is lined by both endoderm and mesoderm tissue) in diploblastic animals F) is a body cavity that opens up between the endoderm and the mesoderm (i.e. is lined by both endoderm and mesoderm tissue) in triploblastic animals

D) is a body cavity that opens up within the mesoderm (i.e. is lined by mesoderm tissue) in triploblastic animals

Which of these is NOT a likely reason for the increase in animal diversity in the Cambrian? A) predators acquired novel adaptations B) prey species acquired new defenses C) Evolution of Hox gene complex which facilitated the evolution of new forms D) Increase in ozone levels which allowed the colonization of shallower waters E) Decrease in oxygen levels permitted larger bodied animals to thrive

E) Decrease in oxygen levels permitted larger bodied animals to thrive

coelom

a body cavity lined by tissue derived only from the mesoderm

indeterminate cleavage

a type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

radial cleavage

a type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other

spiral cleavage

a type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. --> the cells of each tier sit in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers

determinate cleavage

a type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

tissue

an integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both

pseudocoelom

body cavity that is only partially lined with mesoderm

posterior

further back in position; of or nearer the rear or hind end, especially of the body or a part of it

choanoflagellates

group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals

diploblastic

have two germ layers

anterior

nearer the front, especially situated in the front of the body or nearer to the head

ventral

of, on, or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal

dorsal

of, on, or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ

blastospore

pit in the side of the embryo, through which cells fated to be endodermal flow so that they leave the outer surface of the embryo and can create a new inner surface

triploblastic

possessing three germ layers; the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm - ALL bilaterian animals are triploblastic

radial symmetry

symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower

endoderm

the innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos

mesoderm

the middle primary germ layer in a triploblastic animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures

ectoderm

the outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye

bilateral symmetry

the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plan